Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Pázmány Péter Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology Department of Neuroscience INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL NEUROBIOLOGY Exam 16th June 2015 Name: ....................................................................... Points: 100 / .............................................................. Signature of examiner ............................................................. Signature of examinee (Sign upon acceptance of correction) Please, write clear, readable English! NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION (7 POINTS). Define briefly the following terms. a) Asymmetric mytosis: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ b) Equilibrium potential:___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) Membrane time constant:________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Receptive field: _______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Tetanus: _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ f) Place cell:____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ g) Neurosecretion:________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ NEURONAL NETWORK OPERATION (6 POINTS). Define the following terms and give an example where indicated. a) Disinhibition (+example): _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) Temporal code (+example): ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) Autoassociative network (+example): ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Spike timing dependent plasticity: ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Spindle oscillation: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ f) Phase precession: ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ SENSORY SYSTEMS (8 POINTS). Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F), and by the latter case, give an explanation, why. a) The axon terminals of olfactory epithelial cells expressing the same genes are located next to each other in the glomeruli._______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) ON bipolar neurons convert the signal transmitted by photoreceptors. ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) The center-surround organization in the retina is primarily established by amacrin cells. ______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Parvocellular neurons are alone responsible for shape recognition. _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Disparity sensitive cells can be found in the MST. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ f) The magnocellular path is responsible for luminescence discrimination and shape recognition._________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ g) ’Face selective’ cells can be found in V2. ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ h) Binocular vision is established in a distance of about 10 m. _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ THE MOTOR SYSTEM (27 POINTS). A) THE OLIVOCEREBELLAR MODULE. 5 POINTS Answer the following questions. a) Give at least two tracts terminating in mossy fibers. __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) Add the main function of the inferior olive. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) Define the feedback inhibition in the cerebellum. _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Characterize briefly the electrophysiological activity of Purkinje cells. ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Give at least two symptoms of cerebellar impairment: motor symptoms: __________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ B) THE BASAL GANGLIA. 12 POINTS Complete the text with the numbers depicting the basal ganglia and render names to the numbers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The role of dopamine produced in the ______ is to modulate the flow of cortical information through the ______. The indirect pathway of the BG is the following: ________________________. Activation of the direct pathway leads ultimately to the disinhibition of ______. Parkinson’s disease originates primarily from the impairment of the ______. In deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease patients, the indirect pathway is desynchronised by the high-frequency stimulation of the ______, which is the only glutamaterg member of the basal ganglia. C) UPPER MOTOR STRUCTURES. 10 POINTS a) Identify the assigned cortical regions in the following figure. 1. 2. 3. 4. a) Give the name of a motor cortical brain region or a tract to the following properties and motor functions. a) The most significant executive motor pathway: b) A so-called homunculus can be derived from its receptive field: c) It is responsible for the integration of emotion induced motions: d) It informs the other motor structures about the planned movement: e) It prepares the next motion response: f) It is responsible for the mental rehearsal of motor tasks: LEARNING, MEMORY, HIPPOCAMPUS. (13 POINTS) A) Complete the figure depicting neuronal connections in the hippocampus. EC 3 POINTS CA1 B) Decide whether the following statements are true or false, and by the latter case, giva a short explanation, why. 10 POINTS 1. The hippocampus has a transitional role in declarative memory. _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In fear or reward memory, LTP is established in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. _____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. During the signal categorization phase of information processing, feed-forward inhibition is performed by the hippocampus. ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The function of feed-back dendritic inhibitory cells is to prevent synaptic potentiation in the theta valley phase._______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. During the signal association phase, information processing takes place in the CA1. _________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. There is a bidirectional connection between the septum and the hippocampus. ______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. The hippocampal region possessing local recurrent connections is the dentate gyrus._________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Place cells have a topographic arrangement. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. The function of theta oscillation is to separate signal from noise in time.___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. According to the two-stage memory model, memory consolidation is ensured by gamma oscillation. ____________________________________________________________________________________ EPILEPSY (6 POINTS). Underline the correct phrases. The number of pyramidal / granular cells decreases first in the hippocampus due to temporal lobe epilepsy. Perisomatic inhibition is increased / decreased in epilepsy. Dendritic excitation is increased / decreased in epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by the proliferation of the input / output excitatory pathways. Repetitive behavioral symptoms are linked to partial / absence epilepsy. The possibility to acquire absence epilepsy increases / decreases with age. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, BEHAVIOUR (15 POINTS). A) Underline the correct phrases (multiple choice is possible). 10 POINTS a) Neurohaemal junctions can be found in the posterior / anterior pituitary lobe. b) Hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones are released from the soma / axon terminal. c) Portal circuitry is established by veins / arteries. d) Growth hormone is produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus / supraoptic nucleus, … e) … and released to the blood in the posterior / anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. f) Secretion of sex hormones is indirectly induced by GHRH / GnRH. g) Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are proteins / lipids. h) Regulation of glucocorticoid secretion is realised in two levels / three levels along the hypothalamustarget organ axis. i) CRH is a hormone of magnocellular / parvicellular origin. j) Diabetes insipidus is the disease of the HPA system / HPP system. B) PSYCHIATRY. Answer the following questions. 5 POINTS a) Give at least two behavioural responses leading to psychiatric diseases. ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) Add the name of the anatomical brain region which has a key role in developing psychiatrical diseases. (involving excessive fear): _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) Enumerate at least two psychiatrical or neurological diseases which involve aggression. _______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Describe the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Give a positive and a negative symptom of schizophrenia. _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES (6 POINTS). What kind of method would you apply to … a) model pathological aggression in animal: ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) model anxiety in animal: ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) stimulate only parvalbumin containing neurons: ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) detect higher-order visual cortical areas: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) test spatial memory in animal: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ DIAGNOSTICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES (6 POINTS). Write in detail what method can be applied to … a) treat depression (pharmacon): ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) treat drug-resistant chronic pain: __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) control drug-resistant epileptic seizures:____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) non-invasively stimulate the brain: ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) restore hearing loss with a brain-machine interface: ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ fMRI (6 POINTS). Complete the following text with the missing words. a) The BOLD signal measures the ratio of ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ within a voxel. b) The default mode network is activated during _______________________________________________. c) The multiecho EPI fMRI method provides four times better ____________________________________. d) The perisaccadic _________________________ is followed by a postsaccadic _____________________________of neuronal responsiveness. e) Ventral stimulus-driven attentional network is involved in the __________________________________ ________________________________________________.