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Higher Human Biology
Unit 3
Neurobiology & Communication
KEY AREA 4: Communication and Social Behaviour
Neurobiology & Communication Learning Intentions
KEY AREA 4 – Communication & Social Behaviour
a)Effect of infant attachment
b)Effect of communication
c)Effect of experience
d)Effect of group behaviour
4a) Infant Attachment
•
•
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Humans are social animals and the
majority live in communities
Members of a group must be able to
communicate successfully
Social behaviour involves transmitting
and receiving information using signs and
signals (e.g. verbal, written and body
language)
Effect of infant attachment
• The strong emotional tie that develops
between the baby and mother is called
infant attachment
• Early infant attachment is important in
laying the foundation for the future of
formation of stable relationships
• Specific attachment becomes evident
between 6 and 9 months
4b) Infant Attachment – Strange Situation
The “Strange Situation”
•Research tool used to measure infant
attachment
•A series of events allows observers to
study the behaviour of the baby with the
mother, all alone, and with the stranger
Secure attachment
•Infants that form secure attachments
are more likely to investigate their
immediate environment which helps to
develop cognitive abilities (problem
solving/decision making)
•Insecurely attached infants are deprived
of normal social contact, affection and
cuddling and can often suffer long-lasting
ill effects
•Responses of detachment - anger or
inconsistent responses
4c) Socialisation and learning
•
Socialisation - gradual modification of developing an individual’s
behaviour in order to have an active role within a community
•
Humans have a long period of dependency on adults which
provides time for socialisation and learning to occur and for social
competence to develop
•
A socially competent person has good behavioural, cognitive and
emotional skills
•
Social competence is affected by the method of control adopted
by their parents
•
There are 3 different methods of social competence control: 1. Authoritarian (unreasonably strict)
2. Authoritative (demanding but not responsive)
3. Permissive (excessively lenient)
•
Authoritative control generally results in greater social
competence than permissive control
4d) Effect of Communication
•
Communication is the exchange of information, facts,
feelings, ideas and opinions between people
•
Non-verbal communication comes in many forms: Smiling at infants
Facial expressions
Eye contact
Physical proximity (“personal space”)
Touching
Verbal communication includes
Language
Spoken words
Written words
•
•
Non-verbal communication is important in the
formation of relationships between individuals
and it can signal attitudes and emotions as well as
acting as an aid to verbal communication
•
Verbal communication is used in the transmission of
knowledge, development of culture and social evolution
•
Language uses symbols to represent information and
enables it to be organized into categories and
hierarchies – thus accelerating learning and intellectual
development
4e) Effect of Experience: Practice
•
Learning is a change in behavior
as a result of experience
•
The repeated use of a motor skill
results in a motor pathway being
established
e.g. riding a bicycle
•
Practice improves performance
due to creation of motor memory
pathways for the particular skill
•
Human behavior may be learned
by observation and imitation
e.g. watching someone using
a knife and fork
4f) Effect of Experience: Imitation
•
Human behaviour is often learned through
imitating the behaviour of others
•
Imitation is more effective is the expert
breaks up the demonstration into several small
parts and allows the learner to try to repeat
what they have seen in each part
•
Learning by imitation is further promoted if
the expert is perceived by the learner as an
attractive role model whose status is enhanced
by the possession of the skill
•
Imitation is effective when learning social
techniques e.g. tone of voice, sympathetic
manner
•
Human behavior may be learned by
observation
and imitation
e.g. observing and imitating someone
using a smart phone, is much easier than
reading the manual!
4g) Effect of Experience: Reinforcement
•Reinforcement is when behavior
patterns that have positive
consequences for the individual so are
likely to be repeated
e.g. rat pulling lever to get food
•Reinforcement is designed to make a
person repeat a certain action.
•It involves a reward being given when
a desired behaviour is shown (e.g.
sweets, money, praise.)
•This increases the chance that the
behaviour will be repeated
4h) Effect of Experience: Shaping
• Shaping is when steps taken
to get to a desired
behaviour are rewarded
4i) Effect of Experience: Extinction
Extinction happens when behaviour patterns are
not rewarded and so the behaviour pattern
eventually disappears
4j) Effect of Experience: Generalisation
• Generalisation is the ability to
respond in the same way to
many different but related
stimuli
• Generalisation Example:
A child who has been
bitten by a dog fears
ALL dogs
• Generalisation Example:
Disliking a song by a
particular artist and
deciding you hate ALL
their music
4k) Effect of Experience: Discrimination
• Discrimination is the ability to distinguish
between different but related stimuli and give
different responses
• Discrimination Example
A child who has been bitten by a large dog
only fears large dogs
4l) Effect of Group Behaviour:Social Facilitation
• Social facilitation is when there is an increase in
performance in due to the presence of others
4m) Effect of Group Behaviour: De-individuation
•
De-individuation - loss of personal identity in a group leading to
diminished restraints on behaviour and an increase in risk-taking
•
De-individuation is often used to explain the anti-social behavior of
some groups which would not be shown by individuals from these
groups on their own
4n) Effect of Group Behaviour: Internalisation
• Internalisation is the changing of a belief
because they listen to the views of others
and are persuaded by their argument
4o) Effect of Group Behaviour: Identification
When a person changes a belief to be like someone they
respect or admire. There is no conscious thought they
person simply adopts it because they identify with the
person (e.g. hero-worshipping)
Neurobiology & Communication Questions
KEY AREA 4 – Communication & Social behaviour
1.Testing Your Knowledge
Page 282
Q’s 1-4
2.Testing Your Knowledge
Page 288
Q’s 1-4
3.Testing Your Knowledge
Page 297
Q’s 1-5
4.Testing Your Knowledge
Page 302
Q’s 1-3
5.What You Should Know
Page 302
Q’s 1-20
Key Areas 1-4 Neurobiology & Communication
6.Applying Your Knowledge
7.Topic Test
8.UASP (NAB)
Page 303
Q1-10