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CHOOSING A STATISTICAL TEST © LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE MANION & KEITH MORRISON STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER • • • • How many samples? The types of data used Choosing the right statistic Assumptions of tests INITIAL QUESTIONS IN SELECTING STATISTICS • What statistics do I need to answer my research questions? • Are the data parametric or non-parametric? • How many groups are there (e.g. two, three or more)? • Are the groups related or independent? • What kind of test do I need (e.g. a difference test, a correlation, factor analysis, regression)? Scale of data One sample Two samples Independent Related Nominal Binomial Fisher exact test Ordinal Chi-square (2) onesample test KolmogorovSmirnov one-sample test Chi-square (2) twosamples test Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon U test matched pairs test KolmogorovSmirnov test WaldWolfowitz Spearman rho Ordinal regression analysis McNemar Sign test More than two samples Independent Related Chi-square Cochran Q (2) k-samples test Kruskal-Wallis Friedman test test Ordinal regression analysis Scale of data Two samples One sample Independent Interval t-test and ratio t-test Pearson product moment correlation Related More than two samples Independent t-test for One-way paired ANOVA samples Two-way ANOVA Tukey hsd test Scheffé test Related Repeated measures ANOVA THE TYPES OF DATA USED Measures of association Measures of difference Nominal Tetrachoric correlation Point biserial correlation Phi coefficient Cramer’s V Chi-square Ordinal Spearman’s rho rank order correlation partial rank correlation Mann-Whitney U test t-test for two independent samples McNemar Kruskal-Wallis Cochran Q Wilcoxon matched pairs Friedman two-way analysis of variance Binomial test Interval and ratio Pearson productmoment correlation t-test for two related samples One-way ANOVA Two-way ANOVA for more Wald-Wolfowitz test Tukey hsd test Kolmogorov-Smirnov Scheffé test test THE TYPES OF DATA USED Nominal Measures of linear relationship between independent and dependent variables Identifying underlying factors, data reduction Ordinal Ordinal regression analysis Interval and ratio Linear regression Multiple regression Factor analysis Elementary linkage analysis ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • Mean: – Data are normally distributed, with no outliers • Mode: – There are few values, and few scores, occurring which have a similar frequency • Median: – There are many ordinal values ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • Chi-square: – Data are categorical (nominal) – Randomly sampled population – Mutually independent categories – Discrete data(i.e. no decimal places between data points) – 80% of all the cells in a crosstabulation contain 5 or more cases • Kolmogorov-Smirnov: – The underlying distribution is continuous – Data are nominal ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • t-test and Analysis of Variance: – Population is normally distributed – Sample is selected randomly from the population – Each case is independent of the other – The groups to be compared are nominal, and the comparison is made using interval and ratio data – The sets of data to be compared are normally distributed (the bell-shaped Gaussian curve of distribution) – The sets of scores have approximately equal variances, or the square of the standard deviation is known – The data are interval or ratio ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • Wilcoxon test: – The data are ordinal – The samples are related • Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis: – The groups to be compared are nominal, and the comparison is made using ordinal data – The populations from which the samples are drawn have similar distributions – Samples are drawn randomly – Samples are independent of each other ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • Spearman correlation: • The data are ordinal • Pearson correlation: – The data are interval and ratio ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • Regression (simple and multiple): – The data derive from a random or probability sample – The data are interval or ratio (unless ordinal regression is used) – Outliers are removed – There is a linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables – The dependent variable is normally distributed – The residuals for the dependent variable (the differences between calculated and observed scores) are approximately normally distributed – No collinearity (one independent variable is an exact or very close correlate of another) ASSUMPTIONS OF TESTS • Factor analysis: – The data are interval or ratio – The data are normally distributed – Outliers have been removed – The sample size should not be less than 100-150 persons – There should be at least five cases for each variable – The relationships between the variables should be linear – The data must be capable of being factored