Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Arousal Center
Transcript
Neuroanatomy Brain Organization Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in Ventral Horn: Motor information out Brainstem Brainstem: arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway motor out pathway Midbrain Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus Pons REM sleep Medulla breathing center cardiac center Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) Arousal Center I. Olfactory smell II. Optic vision III. Oculomotor eye movement IV. Trochlear eye movement V. Trigeminal face movement mastication VI. Abducens eye movement VII. Facial face/tongue movement VIII. Vestibulocochlear hearing/balance IX. Glossopharyngeal taste/swallowing X. Vagus parasympathetic NS XI. Accessory neck movement XII. Hypoglossal tongue movement swallowing Cranial Nerves Cerebellum Motor Coordination Fine tuning of: sensory systems emotions learning and memory Autism •decreased cerebellum size Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus relay station Hypothalamus regulation center Nucleus Reticularis Thalami NRT: GABA cells Gatekeeper Hypothalamic Nuclei •hunger/thirst •blood pressure/heart rate •blood pressure/shivering •stress •sex •satiety •memory •reproduction •thermoregulation •circadian rhythms •reproduction Limbic System Emotion Rewards Memory •smell •aggression •fear learning •memory •recognition memory •smell recognition? Limbic System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia increased lateral ventricles Limbic System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Reduced Hippocampus and Amygdala Normal Affected Normal Affected Basal Ganglia Movement Parkinson’s Disease •cell death in •substantia nigra Cortical Lobes Frontal: Strategy and Planning Motor area Parietal: Somatosensory area Temporal: Audition, Language Occipital: Vision Cortical Lobe Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Atypical Frontal Lobe Structure •Evidence: •smaller forebrain •smaller cerebral cortex •smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex •fewer cortical neurons •smaller cortical neurons •abnormal neuronal development •neurons remain in white matter •fail to arrange in neat order •abnormal CAMs •less metabolic activity •hypofrontality •failure to increase activity following task •abnormal EEGs
