Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
1 Introduction to Physiology (Course # 72336) מבוא- 1 שעור מס חומר קריאה בספר Vander’s • Chapter 1 • Chapter 2 (pp. 21-31) • Chapter 3 (pp. 102-103) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2 Physiology Merriam Webster: “a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved”. Physiology is the discipline of how living organisms work (function and integration). Molecular Cellular Body Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Physiology and medicine Pathophysiology describes an abnormal physiological function and/or integration of the living organism. Molecular Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1 Cellular Body 3 4 Animal physiology Plant physiology Generally, out of the scope of this course Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The simplest form or life – THE CELL !!! Robert Hooke 1665 5 © J.Paul Robinson “. . . I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous. . . these pores, or cells, . . . were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this.” Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The simplest form or life – THE CELL !!! Stem cell Neurons in culture HEK cells in culture fibroblast cells in culture Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2 Myocyte in culture 6 Physiological organization 7 From cell to organism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Xenopus laevis 8 Physiological hierarchy Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9 OVER 200 CELL TYPES 4 MAIN CELL CATEGORIES Protection, Secretion (cover body & organs hallow structures) Connect, anchor, support Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 3 Conduct electrical signals (nervous system) Produce mechanical forces TISSUES 10 And many, many more…. Extra-cellular Matrix (ECM) 11 Scaffold for cells and also transfers information Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Extra-cellular Matrix (ECM) Collagen fibers fibroblast Collagen fiber Collagen fiber The ECM is composed of Collagen fibers (main protein of the body), Elastin fibers Non-fibrous protein (complex sugars) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 4 12 13 Organs Functional unit Are composed of all cell types Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 14 Organ systems Are composed of several organs Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 15 Organ systems Sports jockey מערכת העצבים מער כת ה קרדי ווסקו ל ר י ת רינית אנדוק מערכת הנשימה מער מערכת העיכול Couch potato ו וה המ י ר כת ית ונ יס הח כת ער מ ר בייה 5 כת ה מע כ ליו ת כת ה עה ת נו מער םו ירי שר 16 Organ systems of the human body Circulatory Respiratory Heart Blood vessels Blood Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Digestive Urinary Mouth, pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines, Salivary glands, pancreas, Liver gallbladder 17 Kidneys Ureters, Bladder, urethra Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Musculo-skeletal Cartilage, Bone, Ligaments, Tendons, Joints, Skeletal muscle Immuno White blood cells Lymph vessels/nodes Spleen thymus Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 6 Nerve Brain, Spinal cord Endocrine Glands, Pancreas, Testes, ovaries, Hypothalamus, Kidneys, Pituitary, thyroid, Adrenal And more... 18 Reproductive Integumentary Testes, penis, Ducts n glands, Ovaries, vagina, Mammary glands Skin (epi/dermis/hypo) 19 Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem From cells to systems and beyond 20 Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS 60% of body weight is water 1/3 Extra-cellular 2/3 Intracellular Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 7 21 BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS 22 60% of body weight is water 70 Kg person (42L) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS 23 [O2, nutrients, waste] = ISF = Plasma [Protein] in ISF [Protein] Intracellular [Protein] in Plasma [Protein] extra-cellular Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 24 HOMEOSTASIS Merriam Webster (dictionary) - a relatively stable state of equilibrium or a tendency toward such a state between the different but interdependent elements or groups of elements of an organism, population, or group. Temperature Blood pressure Glucose Na+ O2 Claude Bernard – constant “internal milieu” for good health Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 8 HOMEOSTASIS 25 Steady state – Variable is constant. Energy is required to maintain it. Equilibrium – Variable is constant. Energy is NOT required to maintain it. Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem For example: HOMEOSTASIS 26 of body temperature Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem HOMEOSTASIS Achieved through different mechanisms in different animals Dogs – 38 degrees Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9 Crocs – 31degrees 27 HOMEOSTASIS 28 General features • Feedback system (negative & positive). • Resetting set-points. • Feed-forward. Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem HOMEOSTASIS 29 Components of a reflex Afferent – carry into… Efferent – carry away from… Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem HOMEOSTASIS For example Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 10 30 HOMEOSTASIS is dynamic 31 Acclimatization - A type of adaptation that improves the performance of an already existing homeostatic system. Usually involves changes in sensitivity Is normally reversible Developmental acclimatization is not reversible in the individual … Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem HOMEOSTASIS is dynamic 32 Biological rhythms - Normally occurring fluctuations in homeostatic set points. For example: Circadian Rhythm Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem HOMEOSTASIS Chemical flow (balance and storage) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 11 33 INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION 34 Gap junctions Direct interactions (via membrane proteins) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 35 What is it that the body regulates ? The body regulates the chemical composition of the body Ions Molecules Organic molecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 36 The chemical composition of the body Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 12 37 What is it that the body regulates ? Electrolytes Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 38 Solutes Solvents Solution Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 39 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 13 40 Physiological concentrations [mM] [M] [H+] pH= 7.35-7.45 pH= 7.0-7.2 [nM] (Extra-cellular) (Intra-cellular) Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 41 Cellular dimensions Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 42 Cellular dimensions organelle 0.5 m mammalian cell 8 m 6 x 10-17 l 39 Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 14 25 m diameter (m) 6 x 10-11 l volume (l) 39M אם בתמיסה של יש1M מולקולות6x1017 פר ליטר ? כמה יהיו פר תא 43 Essential nutrients and Vitamins B1: Thiamine Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 44 מושגים- 1 שעור מס Physiological hierarchy: from cell to organism Main tissue categories: Muscle, nerve, epithelium, connective. Body compartments: Sub-cellular, cell, extra-cellular fluid, extra-cellular matrix, Interstitial fluid, plasma. Different organ systems in the human body. Homeostasis steady state, equilibrium, feedback (negative/positive), Feed-forward set points, reflex, afferent, efferent, acclimatization, biological rhythm, homeostatic chemical flow Intercellular communication Chemicals of the body Adi Mizrahi, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 15
