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Surveillance for infections is lacking, but limited data indicate that antibiotic resistance is increasing. Many preventive and
curative interventions are available, however, which if implemented effectively at large scale could avert most neonatal deaths
around the world secondary to serious infections. Development of new and adapted tools and technologies holds promise for
expanding the availability and impact of interventions to prevent deaths secondary to infections.
Vaccher Neoplastic disease. In Armstrong D.Cohen J.Infectious
diseases. London: Harcourt.
The peritoneum is xanax oxy largest serous membrane in the body, having a surface area approximately equal to that of the
skin. The peritoneal membrane is composed of two layers, a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells resting on a layer of
connective tissue. If the epithelial layer is injured because of surgery or inflammation, there is danger that adhesions may form,
causing sections of the viscera to heal together.
Adhesions can alter the position and movement of the abdominal viscera. The peritoneal cavity is a potential space formed
between what is called the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum. The parietal peritoneum comes in contact with and
is loosely attached xanax oxy the abdominal wall, whereas the abdominal organs are in contact with the visceral peritoneum.
The connective tissue layer of the peritoneum forms the parietal and the visceral peritoneum, and the smooth, epithelial cell
layer of the membrane lines the cavity. The adjacent membrane layers in the peritoneal cavity are separated by a thin layer of
serous fluid. This fluid forms a moist and slippery surface that prevents xanax oxy between the continuously moving abdominal
structures.
In certain pathologic states, the amount of fluid in the potential space of the peritoneal cavity is increased, causing a condition
called ascites. The jejunum and ileum are suspended by a doublelayered fold of peritoneum called the mesentery. The
mesentery contains the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall. The mesentery is gathered
in folds that attach to the dorsal abdominal wall along a short line of insertion, giving a fan-shaped appearance, with the
intestines at the edge.
A filmy, double fold of peritoneal membrane called the greater omentum extends from the stomach to cover the transverse colon
and folds of the intestine. The greater omentum protects the intestines from cold. It always contains some fat, which in obese
persons can be a considerable amount. The omentum also controls the spread of infection from gastrointestinal contents. In the
case of infection, the omentum adheres to the inflamed area xanax oxy that the infection is less likely to enter the peritoneal
cavity.
The lesser omentum extends between the transverse fissure of the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach. In summary,
the gastrointestinal tract is a long, hollow tube, the xanax oxy of which is an extension of the external environment. The
digestive tract can be divided into four parts: an upper part, consisting of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach; a middle part,
consisting of the small intestine; a lower part, consisting of the cecum, colon, and rectum; and the accessory organs, consisting
of the salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.
Throughout its length, except for the mouth, throat, and upper esophagus, the gastrointestinal tract is composed of five layers:
an inner mucosal layer, a submucosal layer, a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers, a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
fibers, and xanax oxy outer serosal layer that forms the peritoneum and is continuous with the mesentery. 874 UNIT IX
Gastrointestinal Function FIGURE 38-4 The attachment of the mesentery to the small bowel.
Jejunum Double layer of peritoneum Mesentery Arterial arcades in mesentery Liver Stomach Transverse colon Greater
omentum Small intestine Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Bladder Lesser omentum Pancreas Duodenum Mesentery
Uterus Rectum FIGURE 38-5 Reflections of the peritoneum as seen in sagittal section. Motility After completing this section of
the chapter, you should be able to meet the following objectives:.
Compare the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity on the motility and secretory function of the gastrointestinal
tract. Differentiate tonic and peristaltic movements in the gastrointestinal tract. Trace a bolus of xanax oxy through the stages of
swallowing. Describe the action of the internal and external sphincters in the control of defecation The motility of the
gastrointestinal tract propels food products and fluids along its length, xanax oxy mouth to anus, in a manner that facilitates
digestion and xanax oxy.
Except in the pharynx and upper third of the esophagus, smooth muscle provides the contractile force for gastrointestinal
motility. The rhythmic movements xanax oxy the digestive tract are self-perpetuating, much like the activity of the heart, and are
influenced by local, humoral, and neural influences. The ability to initiate impulses is a property of the smooth muscle itself.
Impulses are conducted from one muscle fiber to another.