Download The Respiratory System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 13
The Respiratory System
Slides 13.1 – 13.30
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Organs of the Respiratory system
• ________
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• ________
• Bronchi
• _______________
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Figure 13.1
Slide 13.1
Function of the Respiratory System
• Oversees ______
_____________between the blood and
external environment
• Exchange of gasses takes place within
the lungs in the _______________
• Passageways to the lungs _______,
______________, and
________________ the incoming air
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Slide 13.2
The Nose
• The only externally visible part of the
respiratory system
• Air enters the nose through the
__________ __________ (nostrils)
• The interior of the nose consists of a
nasal cavity divided by a nasal
_____________
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Slide 13.3a
Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 13.2
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Slide 13.3b
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
• _______________ _________are
located in the mucosa on the superior
surface
• The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
• Moistens air
• Traps incoming foreign particles
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Slide 13.4a
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
• Lateral walls have projections called
________________
• Increases surface area
• Increases air turbulence within the nasal
cavity
• The nasal cavity is separated from the
oral cavity by the palate
• Anterior hard ___________ (bone)
• Posterior ____________ palate (muscle)
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Slide 13.4b
Paranasal ______________
• ______________ within bones
surrounding the nasal cavity
• Frontal bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Maxillary bone
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Slide 13.5a
Paranasal Sinuses
• ____________ of the sinuses
• ____________ the skull
• Act as _____________ chambers for
speech
• Produce _________________ that drains
into the nasal cavity
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Slide 13.5b
__________________ (Throat)
• Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx
• Three regions of the pharynx
• __________________ – superior region
behind nasal cavity
• Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
• Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached
to larynx
• The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
______________passageways for air and
food
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Slide 13.6
Structures of the Pharynx
• ___________________ tubes enter the
nasopharynx
• _______________ of the pharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
nasopharynx
• Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
• Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
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Slide 13.7
_________________ (Voice Box)
• Routes air and food into proper
channels
• Plays a role in speech
• Made of eight rigid hyaline
_________________and a spoonshaped flap of elastic cartilage
(____________________)
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Slide 13.8
Structures of the Larynx
• ______________ cartilage
• Largest hyaline cartilage
• Protrudes anteriorly (_________
_________)
• _________________
• Superior opening of the larynx
• Routes ____________ to the larynx and
___________toward the trachea
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Slide 13.9a
Structures of the Larynx
• __________ __________(vocal folds)
• Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
• Glottis – opening between vocal cords
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Slide 13.9b
______________ (Windpipe)
• Connects _________ with
______________
• Lined with ciliated mucosa
• Beat continuously in the opposite direction of
incoming air
• Expel mucus loaded with dust and other
debris __________ from lungs
• Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage
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Slide 13.10
Primary _____________
• Formed by division of the trachea
• Enters the lung at the hilus
(medial depression)
• Right bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than left
• Bronchi _______________ into smaller
and smaller branches
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Slide 13.11
_______________
• Occupy most of the ______________
cavity
• Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
• Base rests on the _____________ (inferior
portion)
• Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
• Left lung – ______ lobes
• Right lung – ______ lobes
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Slide 13.12a
Lungs
Figure 13.4b
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Slide 13.12b
Coverings of the Lungs
• ______________ (visceral) pleura
covers the lung surface
• ______________ pleura lines the walls
of the thoracic cavity
• ____________ __________fills the
area between layers of pleura to allow
gliding
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Slide 13.13
Respiratory Tree Divisions
• ____________ bronchi
• Secondary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi
• ________________
• Terminal bronchioli
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Slide 13.14
Bronchioles
• ____________
branches of
the bronchi
Figure 13.5a
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Slide 13.15a
Bronchioles
• All but the smallest
branches have
reinforcing cartilage
Figure 13.5a
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Slide 13.15b
Bronchioles
• Terminal
bronchioles end
in
_____________
Figure 13.5a
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Slide 13.15c
Respiratory Zone
• Structures
• Respiratory bronchioli
• Alveolar duct
• Alveoli
• Site of gas exchange
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Slide 13.16
Alveoli
• Structure of alveoli
• Alveolar duct
• Alveolar sac
• Alveolus
• Gas exchange takes place within the
____________in the respiratory membrane
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Slide 13.17
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
• Thin squamous epithelial layer lining
alveolar walls
• Pulmonary capillaries cover external
surfaces of alveoli
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Slide 13.18a
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
Figure 13.6
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Slide 13.18b
Gas Exchange
• Gas crosses the respiratory membrane
by ______________
• Oxygen ______________ the blood
• __________ ____________enters the
alveoli
• Macrophages add protection
• Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar
surfaces
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Slide 13.19
Events of _________________
• ____________ ______________–
moving air in and out of the lungs
• External respiration – gas exchange
between __________
_____________and alveoli
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Slide 13.20a
Events of Respiration
• Respiratory gas transport – transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide via the
bloodstream
• _______________ ____________– gas
exchange ___________ blood and
______________ cells in systemic
capillaries
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Slide 13.20b
Mechanics of Breathing
(___________ ______________)
• Completely ________________
process
• Depends on _________
____________in the thoracic cavity
• Volume changes lead to
_____________changes, which lead to
the flow of gases to equalize pressure
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Slide 13.21a
Mechanics of Breathing
(Pulmonary Ventilation)
• Two phases
• __________ – flow of air into lung
• ____________ – air leaving lung
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Slide 13.21b
Inspiration
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
_________________
• The size of the thoracic cavity
______________
• External air is _______ ______the lungs
due to an increase in intrapulmonary
volume
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Slide 13.22a
Inspiration
Figure 13.7a
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Slide 13.22b
Exhalation
• Largely a ______________ process
which depends on natural lung elasticity
• As muscles __________, air is pushed
_________ of the lungs
• Forced expiration can occur mostly by
contracting internal intercostal muscles to
depress the rib cage
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Slide 13.23a
Exhalation
Figure 13.7b
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Slide 13.23b
Pressure Differences in the
Thoracic Cavity
• Normal pressure within the pleural
space is always negative (intrapleural
pressure)
• Differences in lung and pleural space
pressures keep lungs from collapsing
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Slide 13.24
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
• Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary
actions
• Examples
• ___________ __________– clears lungs of
debris
• Laughing
• ___________
• Yawn
• ____________
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Slide 13.25
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• Normal breathing moves about __________
ml of air with each breath (________
___________[TV])
• Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
• A person’s ______
• ___________
• __________
• ___________ ____________
• Residual volume of air – after exhalation,
about __________ ml of air remains in the
lungs
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Slide 13.26
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• _________ ____________ ______(IRV)
• Amount of air that can be taken in
___________ over the tidal volume
• Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
• _____________ reserve volume (ERV)
• Amount of air that can be __________
exhaled
• Approximately 1200 ml
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Slide 13.27a
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• ________ ___________
• Air remaining in lung after expiration
• About 1200 ml
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Slide 13.27b
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• __________ ____________
• The total amount of _____________ air
• Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
• Dead space volume
• Air that remains in conducting zone and
___________ reaches alveoli
• About 150 ml
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Slide 13.28
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• Functional volume
• Air that actually reaches the respiratory
zone
• Usually about ____________ ml
• Respiratory capacities are measured
with a ______________
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Slide 13.29
Respiratory Capacities
Figure 13.9
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Slide 13.30