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Biodiversity Test Review Biodiversity • Why important Importance of Biodiversity • Increases resistance & resilience of ecosystem • Less susceptible & quicker recovery • Whether spread of disease, fire, drought, human disturbance • Genetic diversity gives us more “raw material” • New Pharmaceuticals – of top 150 prescription drugs, 118 are derived from natural sources: plants, bacteria, fungi, animals • Agriculture / food sources - genes with new/advantageous traits • Energy sources • Consumer goods / manufacturing / technology • Ecological services • • • • • Recycling nutrients Pollinators Sequester CO2, release O2 Filter water Remove / decompose pollutants • Aesthetic value / Ethical – intrinsic • Critical for sustaining human life – yet often not considered Biodiversity • How does human development (building stuff) affect Biodiversity? Biodiversity • Over time…the biodiversity is a good indicator of health of ecosystem • Higher biodiversity = more resistance & resilience • If you damage an ecosystem – lower biodiversity • Human development • Fragments • Alters • REDUCES Biodiversity Biodiversity • Definition • 3 types • Genetic • Species • Richness • Evenness • Ecosystem Biodiversity • Where does diversity come from? (result of what) • Natural selection / evolution Natural Selection & Evolution • Process - traits (through adaptations / mututions) that allow an organism to survive and reproduce • Artificial Selection • Humans are breeding for desired traits • Faster than natural selection • Can result in “resistance” ex: bacteria that come resistant to antibiotics • Genetic drift, bottle neck, and founders effect • All 3 – small populations (regardless of cause) have less genetic diversity – smaller gene pool – less biodiversity • More uniformity • But more vulnerable Natural Selection & Evolution • Must have genotype in gene pool before it can be expressed – one reason biodiversity is important • Large pop – has _larger_ gene pool – _more_ stable • But small pop can change more quickly • Pace of Evolution • environmental change – fast or slow • Genetic variation (gene pool) – a lot or little • Pop size – large or small • Generation (reproduce) time – quicker or slower Biodiversity • If can’t adapt, what happens to species Niche • Fundamental • Realized Species • • • • • • • • • • • • Keystone Indicator Generalist Specialist Introduced Native Non-native Invasive Exotic K vs r Pioneer Endemic Laws • Endangered Species Act • CITES – Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species • Lacey Act • Marine Mammal Protection Act • NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act • EIS – Environmental Impact Statement Restoration & Conservation • Restoration • attempt to return ecosystems condition to original state • Remediation & Rehabilitation • return damaged ecosystem to a functional state by repair and reconstruction. • Mitigation – • reduces overall damage. If a wetland is destroyed in one area by highway construction, another area is restored • Preservation – • prevention strategy. Protect environment before damage occurs. Setting aside natural & undisturbed areas Loss of Biodiversity • HIPPCO •H= •I= •P= •P= •C= •O= Invasive Species • Give 3 examples • Why are they a problem / • They lower biodiversity • The can outcompete the native species • This displaces / kills native species • The can adapt very quickly to local habitats • They have no/few natural predators • They can reproduce very quickly • Are they always a problem? • By definition, yes • Otherwise known as alien, nonnative, or exotic if no problem Invasive Species • Characteristics of an Invasive Species • High biotic potential – intrinsic growth rate • Hi reproductive rate / short generation time • r-selected species • Pioneer species, generalists, tolerate wide range of conditions • High genetic diversity • Adapt quickly • Characteristics of a ecosystem vulnerable to Invasive Species • Similar to original habitat • No predators that will eat invasive species • Low biodiversity • Previously disturbed by humans Threatened / Endangered Species • Give several examples • Why are the in danger • Characteristics that make species vulnerable • K species • Low reproductive rate • Specialized niche • Needs stable environment • • • • • Narrow distribution / rare / endemic High or top of food chain Fixed migratory pattern Requires large territory Commercially valuable to humans Threatened / Endangered Species • IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List • Which animals are most at risk Extinction • Give several examples • Why are they extinct • Characteristics that make species vulnerable • What is 6th mass extinction • Why is fossil record incomplete • Which animals are most at risk Protecting Biodiversity • Preserves • Parks • Metapopulations • Corridors • Gene flow’ • Edge habitat • Hot spots Ecological Succession • Primary • Secondary • Aquatic Tragedy of the Commons Be prepared to explain & give examples
