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Your health is something essential and to not take lightly. You are the one affected by your body's health state, and you are the one who can take action to maintain an overall healthy lifestyle. The following pointers are general information and steps to maintaining your health, and preventing more serious health problems. Preventive Medicine: Preventative health care emphasizes the idea that many medical problems can be dealt with or avoided by preparing before they arise. Healthy diet What we put into our body greatly affects its functioning. Essential nutrients gathered through our diet provide the fuel for our bodies. Just as a car will not run without gas, it is necessary to refuel our bodies. In the same way as a car will only run with gasoline put in the engine, but not, for example, soap, the type of food we put into our body also matters. See Food and Nutrition section for tips Exercise Exercise is a vital part of our well-being and is necessary for living a healthy life. This does not necessarily mean you have to start of running multiple miles to incorporate exercise, but living an active lifestyle has multiple health benefits o Helps to prevent and manage health problems o Helps in maintaining a healthy weight o Improves mood o Boosts energy o Maintains muscle mass and strength o Promotes better sleep o Maintains bone strength Creative and social activities are also necessary for the health of our mind. Being involved in extracurricular activities allows for the broadening of learning and development, as well as the development and improvement of skills. Social skills are learned through activities with others, especially team related activities. Fine motor skills, creativity, critical thinking, communication skills are all expressed, used, and expanded through the addition of extracurricular activities. o Team activities i. Join a sports team or schedule pick-up games with friends ii. Organizations and Clubs 1. Common purpose, goal, or interest 2. Use skill set in group setting o Indoor activities i. Crafts ii. DIY projects iii. Photography iv. Cooking v. Sewing Use resources, such as the internet, to come up with creative ideas o Outdoor Activities i. Go for a walk! ii. Running iii. Swimming iv. Gardening v. Biking vi. Nature Photography vii. Kayak/Canoe Try new activities or invite friends to join you Sleeping Well Sleep is a necessary body function which allows for the body to repair itself, relieve stress, and maintain emotional health. 6-8 hours is recommended for each night Avoiding drugs, naps, or physical activity near bed time will help make falling asleep easier and will make the sleep you get more refreshing. Regular Check Ups It is important to schedule regular checkups with your doctor in order to get a physical and check current health status. Women should schedule yearly appointments with the gynecologist to have a breast exam and a pap smear. These test for breast cancer and cervical cancer, respectively, and will a regular exam can be caught early and treated. Men should also have an annual checkup with the doctor to catch any new symptoms early. If you are sexually active, you should regularly be tested for sexually transmitted illnesses (STI). (See Sexual Health). Remember to clearly explain symptoms and try to be as accurate as possible in describing them, so your doctor can determine what testing is needed. Dental Health You should have regular appointments with the dentist to have your teeth cleaned and examined. In order to protect the health of your teeth and gums you should brush and floss. Floss once a day and brush at least twice a day, or after every meal if possible. Eye Care Your vision is important and something to take care of. Even if you don't wear corrective eye wear, it is still important to visit the eye doctor. Risk-free individuals should visit the eye doctor every 2-3 years. More at risk individuals or individuals with imperfect vision should visit the eye doctor every 1-2 years. Going to the eye doctor not only corrects your vision, relieving strain on your eyes, but also allows the doctor to screen for diseases. By examining the blood vessels, optometrists can determine warning signs of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Emergencies occur and these general first aid tips help you to recognize a problem and know what to do before a trained medical professional is able to arrive. However, this is NOT a First Aid training course and knowing these tips is not the same as being First Aid Trained and Certified. Therefore, in the case of an emergency, you will not be covered by Good Samaritan Laws in case anything goes wrong. General First Aid 1. Broken Bones Signs include: o Hearing a bone snap o Deformity or pain at the site of fracture o Impaired movement of a limb How to help: o Call 9-1-1 o Do not move the patient, do not let them move o Help them find a comfortable position 2. Burns Signs include: o First Degree burns: redness of skin, minor swelling and pain. o Second degree burns: intense reddening of the skin, blisters, severe swelling and pain. o Third Degree burns: skin can be burned through, exposing muscles, nerves, and bone, area may appear charged black or ashy white How to help: o For minor burns (sunburns, touching a hot pan, etc): i. Apply cold, clean water to the area of the burn. ii. Dress the burn in a cool, damp cloth. iii. Do not apply creams or lotions to the area (unless directed by a doctor) o For severe burns: i. ii. iii. Call 9-1-1 immediately Do not remove any material attached to the skin If possible, cover the affected area with a CLEAN, cool, damp sterile bandage. 3. Heart Attack Signs include: o Chest pain or pressure o Shortness of breath o Sweating o Nausea o Weakness How to help: o Call 9-1-1 o Stay on the line with operator to give updates to the patient’s condition. o The 9-1-1 operator may prompt to begin CPR, in which case they will give you instructions to follow. However, do not begin CPR on your own unless you are certified to do so. 4. Heat Exhaustion Signs include: o Sweating o Pale, clammy skin o Headache o Muscle cramps o Thirst How to help: o Cool the patient: spray with water, apply wrapped ice pack to neck o Loosen and remove excessive clothing o Give cool water to drink. 5. Heat Stroke Signs include: o NO sweating o Red, hot, dry skin o Nausea and vomiting o Unsteady balance How to help: o Cool patient down i. Move to cool, ventilated, shaded area ii. Lie them down flat with legs elevated iii. Loosen and remove excessive clothing iv. Spray with water, apply wrapped ice pack to neck o If patient goes unconscious or their condition seems severe, call 9-1-1 6. Seizure Signs include: o Contraction and relaxation of muscles (convulsions) o Quick turning of head back and forth o Nausea, vomiting, sweating How to help: o Do not attempt to restrain the patient. o Do not attempt to force anything between the patient’s teeth. o Evaluate the patient’s surroundings, looking for anything they may hit and cause personal injury to themselves with. Remove these items if possible. o Call 9-1-1 if the symptoms seem to persist. 7. Stroke Signs include: a. Confusion or dazed state b. Unequal sized pupils c. Drooping on one side of face d. Slurred speech e. Loss of balance o Do the FAST test: F – Facial weakness: See if the patient can smile. One side of the face will be unable to in the event of a stroke. A – Arm Weakness: See if the patient can raise both arms. They will be unable to raise one of them in the event of a stroke. S – Speech: See if the patient can speak clearly. Speech is generally slurred after a stroke. T – Time: call 9-1-1 if any of these tests are failed. The quicker you can call a paramedic, the likelier the patient is to recover. What is the purpose of health insurance? Health insurance helps pay for some or all of the costs of health services o For example: if a doctor’s visit cost $100, the insurance company may cover 75%, leaving you with a co-pay of $25. Without health insurance, all health-related costs would need to be paid out of pocket. These would include check-ups, medical test, prescription drugs, etc. What are some health insurance options? There are many options available for health insurance: Jobs often offer health insurance options that are affordable o This can be a consideration when applying for a job – ask what health benefits they have If you cannot afford private health insurance, the government has programs they can cover health costs. These programs are free to all eligible applicants. Medicaid o o o o Eligible groups include: low income families with children, children only, pregnant women, non-citizens with medical emergencies, and elderly, disabled individuals not receiving Social Security benefits. Covers most medical costs, but some services will not be covered or only partially covered. i. For example: certain prescription drugs will still have a cost To apply for Medicaid, go to: http://www.myflorida.com/accessflorida/ or call (877) 595-0384 Or you can apply in person at: 9393 N. Florida Ave., Tampa, FL 33612 Hillsborough County Health Care Plan o o o o Program created for residents of Hillsborough County that do not qualify for benefits under the Medicaid program. Within the program you must select a primary care physician and all fees associated with this doctor will be free of charge. There is also the ability for referrals to specialists. To apply, go to: https://insight.hillsboroughcounty.org or call (813) 2725555 For additional information on the program, call (813) 727-5040 1. Walk in clinics – make sure to check their times of operation prior to visiting any of these locations. Many times they are free if you provide pay stubs and ID. a. BRIDGE (open only Tuesday Evening) 13330 USF Laurel Dr. Tampa, Fl 33612 813-526-9684 b. Red Crescent Clinic 7328 E. Sligh Ave Tampa Fl 33610 813-246-5009 c. Ybor Youth Clinic 1315 E. 7th Ave Suite 104 Tampa, Fl 33605 813-259-8800 d. Judeo Christian Health Clinic 4118 N MacDill Ave Tampa, Fl 33607 813-870-0395 2. Clinics covered by the Hillsborough County Health Care Plan a. Tampa Family Health Center 4620 N. 22nd St. Tampa, Fl 33610 813-272-6240 b. Tampa Family Health Center 7814 North Dale Mabry Highway Tampa, Fl 33614 813-405-3939 c. Tampa Family Health Center 1502 E. Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33612 813-866-0950 d. Tampa Family Health Center 1514 N. Florida Ave Suite 300 Tampa, Fl 33602 813-490-1957 e. Tampa Family Health Center 8213 W. Waters Ave Tampa, Fl 33615 813-490-5420 f. Tampa Family Center: West Tampa Neighborhood Service Center 2103 N. Rome Ave Tampa, Fl 33607 813-490-1426 3. Hospitals in the area – all covered by the Hillsborough County Health Care Plan a. St. Joseph’s Hospital b. c. d. e. f. 3001 W. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd Tampa, Fl 33607 813-870-4000 St. Joseph’s Hospital North 4211 Van Dyke Road Lutz, Fl 33558 813-443-7000 Tampa General Hospital 1 Tampa General Circle Tampa, Fl 33606 813-844-7000 Town and Country Hospital 6001 Webb Road Tampa, Fl 33615 813-888-7060 Florida Hospital 3100 E. Fletcher Ave Tampa, Fl 33615 813-615-7222 Florida Hospital, Carrolwood 7171 N. Dale Mabry Highway Tampa, Fl 33614 813-615-7200 What are Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)? Infections passed from person to person through sexual contact. STIs are also known as Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). These infections do not always have visible symptoms, yet can still be spread without visible signs. In the US 19 million new infections are estimated to occur each year, showing the importance of being regularly checked if sexually active! Do STIs cause long-term health problems? Yes. Besides the symptoms associated with STIs, untreated infections can lead to cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, pregnancy problems, organ damage, and even death. What are some common STIs and their symptoms? 1. Chlamydia a. It is a bacterial infection spread by Chlamydia trachomatis. b. Spread between sexual partners or between mother and child during childbirth. c. Symptoms: i. Patients can remain asymptomatic (not showing signs) for a while. Even with no symptoms present, damage can be done to the female reproductive system. ii. In women, burning during urination and abnormal vaginal discharges can occur. The bacteria can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes where they will cause pelvic inflammatory disease. If severe enough, it can lead to infertility. iii. In men, burning during urination and abnormal discharges from the penis can occur. Swelling of one or more of the testicles can occur, but is less common. iv. In men and women, the bacteria can infect the anus as well, resulting in rectal pain, discharges, or bleeding. d. Treatment: Chlamydia, once diagnosed by the doctor, can be treated with antibiotics, and the infection should clear up within a week or two. 2. Gonorrhea a. It is a bacterial infection spread by Neisseria gonorrhea. b. Spread between sexual partners or between mother and child during childbirth. c. Symptoms: i. In women, most symptoms go unnoticed or misdiagnosed as urinary tract infections. These include burning during urination, increased vaginal discharge, or bleeding between periods. In men, symptoms include burning during urination, a white or yellow discharge from the penis, and swollen or painful testicles. iii. In men and women, the bacteria can infect the anus as well, resulting in discharge, itching, bleeding, and painful bowel movements. iv. Gonorrhea can also cause sore throats from oral sex, but cause no other symptoms. d. Treatment: Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics once diagnosed by the doctor. ii. 3. Herpes a. It is spread by the virus Herpes Simplex Virus. HSV Type 1 is responsible for Oral b. c. d. e. f. 4. Herpes, which present as cold sores, while HSV Type 2 is responsible for genital herpes. Oral herpes can be spread by kissing or by sharing objects such as a toothbrush or fork. Sores do not need to be present in order for the virus to be spread. Genital herpes can be spread between sexual partners or from a mother to child during childbirth. In both cases, sores do not need to be present for herpes to be present. Herpes virus can lay dormant in a person for long periods of time, during which they show no symptoms. However, the virus can be reactivated by such factors as fatigue, stress, trauma to the affected area, and menstruation. Symptoms: i. In men and women, oral herpes appears as blisters around the mouth. Cold sores are most common. ii. In men and women, genital herpes appears as blisters on the vagina or penis or around the rectum. Treatment: While there is no cure for herpes, certain antiviral drugs can be given which relieve some of the pain associated with an outbreak and will shorten the healing time of the outbreak. HIV/AIDS a. HIV stands for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is the agent that is transmitted during sexual intercourse. As symptoms from the viral infection progressively get worse, a person will develop Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. b. The main sources of HIV spread is by unprotected sex, sharing of needles for drug related purposes, and direct contact with infected blood to an open wound. i. HIV is NOT spread by the air or water, insects (including mosquitoes), casual contact (such as a handshake or sharing a plate), or kissing. c. Symptoms of HIV: i. Many times, patients will go years feeling healthy and never knowing that they were infected. This is why testing is so important. If you suspect that you may have come into contact with HIV, you should be tested immediately. Some drugs today, if taken early enough, can prevent infection. As the infection progresses, the most noticeable symptom will be swollen lymph nodes. Fever, fatigue, and weight loss are also possible signs of the virus’ progression. d. Symptoms of AIDS: i. Shaking chills or high fevers for several weeks ii. White spots or lesions on the tongue or throughout the mouth iii. Serious weight loss iv. Persistent fatigue v. Skin lesions. vi. Possibility of death e. Treatment of HIV/AIDS: While there is no known cure for HIV, there are several medical regimens today that can prolong the onset of AIDS for years, even decades. The sooner the infection is detected, the sooner the drug regimen can begin and the better survival rates the patient will have. This is why early testing is so important. ii. 5. Syphilis a. It is a bacterial infection spread by Treponema pallidum. b. It is spread by direct contact with open sores during sex or from mother to child during childbirth. c. Symptoms: are the same for men and women, but occur in stages i. Primary stage: sores at the site of infection. Generally are painless so they go unnoticed. Sores will last 3-6 weeks before healing ii. Secondary stage: a rash will form over parts of the body. On the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet, it will appear as a rough red spots. In moist areas, such as the mouth, groin, and armpits, it will appear as large raised white lesion. iii. Latent/late stage syphilis: if a person is not treated for syphilis during the first two stages, the infection can go dormant in the body, reappearing 1030 years after initial infection. These symptoms appear as paralysis, numbness, blindness, and dementia. d. Treatment: Syphilis can be treated with an antibiotic regimen. The antibiotics will prevent any further damage from occurring, but will not reverse any damage that has already occurred. Secondary Stage on the hands Secondary Stage body lesions How can transmission of STIs be prevented? The only 100% effective way to prevent getting an STI is abstinence (to not have sex). For those that are sexually active, there are ways to protect against getting STIs. 1. Talk to your partner prior to having sex. Having open communication with someone is the best way to know if they have any sexually transmitted infections. When you start a new relationship, it is a good idea to go and get tested together to show that you are both 100% healthy. 2. Use protection, always. 3. Get yourself regularly tested. If you suspect that you have been in contact with someone who is positive for an STI, the sooner you can get tested and start treatment, the better. Most primary care physicians can do tests for you, or you can go to your local walk in clinics as well. 4. Remember: Birth control does NOT prevent STI transmission. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Store the condom properly. Get consent. Question partners about STIs and birth control. Check the condom type and expiration date. With type, you do not want to use lambskin condoms. These have small pores in them that allow STIs to still be transmitted through the condom. Check for an air bubble in the package. Open the package and carefully remove the condom. Add some extra water-based lubrication inside and/or outside the condom. Pinch the top of the condom, leaving ¼ to ½ inch tip. Roll the condom down the entire length of the penis and squeeze air out. Action! Hold the rim of the condom and withdraw from partner while the penis is still erect. Dispose of condom properly. Tie it in a knot and throw it in the trash. Do not flush condoms as it will clog toilets. Substance abuse can have severe and damaging effects on your health. Did you know there are approximately 7,000 chemicals in one cigarette? And that over 100 of those chemicals are toxic? Each of these chemicals is put into your body when you smoke. The effects of smoking can reach almost every organ in your body, resulting in many diseases and overall reduced health. The effects: Smoking causes death o An estimated 443,00 deaths occur in the US each year that are related to the adverse health effects caused by smoking Smoking causes cancer o Lung cancer and lung diseases o Cancer of the mouth, kidneys, esophagus, pancreas, throat, stomach, bladder Smoking affects babies o You should NOT smoke when pregnant. When you are pregnant you share your body and what you put into your body, also enters the body of your baby. The tar and nicotine that enter your body from cigarettes also enters the body of your child. o Smoking can lead to an increased risk in infertility, still births, preterm delivery, low birth weight The following image shows lungs of a non-smoker vs. the lungs of a smoker: Did you know? A pack a day smoker spends over $1,500 in cigarettes in one year. Talk to your primary care physician about quitting, but below are some resources in our area: Florida provides free quitting resources and coaches at tobaccofreeflorida.org Resources provided at Smokefree.gov FreshBreak Program at Moffitt Cancer Center (USF) 1-800-QUIT-NOW SmokefreeTXT is a free mobile app that provides 24/7 advice, encouragement, and tips for smokers trying to quit The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has a plan for quitting: S- set a date to quit by T- tell your family, friends, and coworkers you are quitting to have support around you to keep you accountable A- anticipate and plan for the challenges you will face quitting R-remove cigarettes and other tobacco related products from your home, your work, your car, your purse, etc. T- talk to your doctor about getting help to quit Excessive drinking is also called binge drinking and is when an individual drinks 4 or more drinks in a row. Excessive drinking can lead to alcoholism. Alcoholism is a disease associated with dependency on alcohol. Signs of alcoholism include trouble controlling drinking, preoccupation with alcohol, the need to drink more to get the same effect, and continuing to use alcohol despite it causing problems. According to U.S. Health, how much is too much? Females: No more than 2-3 drinks in one day No more than 7-10 drinks in one week Males: No more than 3-4 drinks in one day No more than 14-16 drinks in one week Do Not Drink If: You are pregnant You have a health condition that could be affected by alcohol You are on medication that interacts with alcohol What are the effects of alcohol misuse? The effects of overdrinking do not go away once the hangover is gone. Mental health o Alcohol is addictive and a dependency can lead to withdrawal symptoms when not drinking o Alcohol can also affect mood and personality, leading to disorders Brain and nervous system o Alcohol can impair judgment o Alcohol can lead to drowsiness and comatose symptoms o Long term use can cause damage to brain and nerves Death of brain cells Weakening motor skills Pain and weakness Epilepsy Memory loss or dementia Eyes o When drinking vision goes blurry or double, but long term use can lead to a permanent decrease in vision Mouth o Being drunk causes slurred speech and extended use can cause cancer of the throat and mouth Lungs o Drinking causes an increased risk for pneumonia and tuberculosis Heart o Overuse of alcohol is associated with coronary heart disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, and irregular heart beats Breasts o Long term alcohol use increases risk for breast cancer Liver o Excessive and long term alcohol use can damage the liver Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis Cancer Stomach o Alcohol misuse can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, acid reflux, and cancer of the esophagus Pancreas o Extended alcohol use can cause inflammation to the pancreas, low blood sugar, and acid build up in the body Kidneys o Drinking alcohol causes water to be lost from the body through excess urination, leading to dehydration Intestines o Alcohol can cause cancer in intestines and can lead to malnutrition by interfering with nutrient uptake Blood o Alcohol use can result in anemia and low blood platelet count Bones Alcohol affects coordination and with excessive use can lead to osteoporosis Skin o Excessive alcohol use can lead to aging effects on skin: yellowing and varicose veins Sexual Health o Alcohol use lowers inhibitions and affects judgment, often leading to unwanted or unexpected sexual encounters. Chances of unsafe sex increase with alcohol use. o Long-term alcohol use can lead to infertility in men and women Ask yourself these questions: Have you ever had more than 4 drinks (female) or 5 drinks (male) in a day? Have you ever needed a drink to get you started in the morning? Have you ever felt guilty about your drinking? Do you think you need to cut back on your drinking? Does it annoy you when other people comment on your drinking habits? Have you or anyone else ever been injured as a result of your drinking? If you answered yes to any of these questions it is possible you have a problem with alcohol and should talk with your physician. Also try these online self-assessments to determine the risks of your drinking habits: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alcohol-use/MH00123 http://www.alcohol.org.nz/alcohol-you/your-drinking-okay If you suspect that you may have a problem with alcohol abuse, there’s always help. o o Talk to your doctor about steps you can take to find treatment. Visit aatampa-area.org for meeting times and locations of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings across the Tampa area. When looking for a meeting group, know that not all groups are the same. Some are faith based and meet at churches, having a religious basis for treatment, while others are non-religious in format. Some groups may be opened to everyone to attend while others will be closed to only alcoholics. It’s a good idea to visit several meeting groups until you find the one that is right for you. Drugs are addictive and have adverse effects on health. Signs of a drug addiction Feeling the need to use a drug regularly. Failing in an attempt to stop using the drug. Making certain to have a constant supply of the drug. Spending money for the drug, even if you do not have it. Feeling that you need to drug to face your problems. Drug abuse takes different forms based on the drug being used. It is important to recognize the sign in yourself and in the people around you in order to get treatment for the ones you love. Below is a list typical drugs, the effects they cause on the user, and their adverse health results. Marijuana: o Signs of use: poor memory, increased heart rate, red eyes, decreased coordination, slowed reaction times, and paranoid thinking. o Long-term effects: reduce immune system, increased respiratory problems, permanent impact of brain function – negatively affecting learning and memory, mental health illnesses Benzodiazepines: o These are prescription drugs that are considered downers, including Valium, Xanax, and Klonopin. If they are medically prescribed, they are safe to use if used exactly as directed. o Signs of use: drowsiness, slurred speech, lack of coordination, confusion, dizziness, and depression o Long-term effects: permanent brain damage Stimulants: o These include drugs such as methamphetamines and cocaine. o Signs of use: euphoria, rapid speech, irritability, insomnia, weight loss, and paranoia o Long term effects: violent behavior, mood disturbances, delusions and paranoia Changes in physical appearance of a Meth user in the span of 4 years Hallucinogens o These include drugs such as PCP and LCD. o Signs of use: hallucinations, reduced perceptions of reality, euphoria, delusions, and panic. o Long term effects: persistent psychosis and hallucinations without taking the drug. Narcotic Painkillers o These include drugs such as methadone and oxycontin. o Signs of use: reduced sense of pain, sedation, depression, and confusion. o Long term effects: restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, and anxiety. If you feel that you have a dependency to any of these drugs, there are ways to get help: Talk to a doctor about ways to find treatment plans in the area. The Salvation Army provides rehabilitation for addiction. For information on their local program, visit www.tampa.satruck.org or call 1-800-SA-TRUCK There are also counseling programs available