Download Bio 201, Fall 10 Test 4 Study Guide Questions to be able to answer

Bio 201, Fall 10
Test 4 Study Guide
Questions to be able to answer
1. What is the overall reaction equation for cellular respiration?
2. After pyruvate is formed in glycolysis, what happens to it in the presence of oxygen or
the absence of oxygen? What gets oxidized, what gets reduced in each scenario?
3. Why do you get tired when you work out?
4. Where does pyruvate processing occur?
5. What part of the mitochondria has ion channels? Which membrane does NOT have ion
channels, because if it did then the electron transport chain could not occur?
6. What is the goal of the Kreb’s cycle?
7. What specific enzyme, and what other types of enzymes, are involved in the Kreb’s
cycle? What do they each do?
8. During the Kreb’s cycle, why is FAD reduced to FADH2 instead of NAD being reduced
to NADH when the overall ΔG is about 44 kcal/mol?
9. What are the regulatory enzyme and the regulatory molecule for the Kreb’s cycle? Do
they take part in allosteric inhibition or activation?
10. What are the ΔGs for the reduction of NAD and FAD?
11. What are the products of pyruvate processing and the Kreb’s cycle?
12. What is the goal of the electron transport chain?
13. In order to most efficiently go through the electron transport chain, what should the
christae be like?
14. What is the order of electron donors and acceptors in the electron transport chain used in
cellular respiration for 1) NADH and 2) FADH2? Keeping this in consideration, why
does FADH2 contain less energy than NADH?
15. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
16. How is the electron transport chain used to make ADP + P  ATP? In terms of protons,
why does FADH2 contain less energy than NADH?
17. What are free radicals, where do they come from on a molecular level, and how do we
keep them from doing too much damage?
18. How are other biological molecules than glucose used for energy?
19. What is the overall reaction equation for photosynthesis?
20. What are autotrophs and heterotrophs? Give examples of each.
21. What types of organisms do cellular respiration? What types of organisms do
photosynthesis?
22. Sketch a chloroplast and label its components. Since prokaryotes do not have
chloroplasts, where do they conduct photosynthesis?
23. What are photopigments, and which wavelengths of light do each of them absorb?
24. When you see a color what does that mean in terms of light absorption and reflection?
25. Why do plants have a variety of pigments?
Bio 201, Fall 10
26. Explain inductive resonance in antenna complexes.
27. What do the light reactions accomplish?
28. What does the Calvin cycle accomplish?
29. Why is the term “dark reactions” inappropriate?
30. In the light reactions, describe the events that occur in photosystem I when it is struck by
light. What is the final electron acceptor?
31. In the light reactions, describe the events that occur in photosystem II when it is struck by
light. What is the final electron acceptor?
32. When water is split in the light reactions, where does each component go?
33. What is the goal of the Calvin cycle?
34. How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to produce one molecule of G3P?
35. Describe the steps in the Calvin cycle. What is reduced, what is oxidized; how many
carbons there are; what enzymes are used.
36. What is the regulatory enzyme for the Calvin cycle? The regulatory molecule? Do they
engage in allosteric inhibition or activation?
37. When is O2 fixed instead of CO2? What happens when O2 is fixed?
38. How do we know that Rubisco evolved in an anaerobic environment?
39. Why do cells divide in multicellular organisms?
40. Why are we composed of so many small cells as opposed to a few larger cells?
41. What is the purpose of a histone?
42. What are the two forms that chromosomes can exist in? What determines what form they
are in?
43. What is the goal of mitosis?
44. What are the steps in cell replication? Which of these steps are part of mitosis?
45. What happens in each step of mitosis?
46. Draw the cell cycle, include the phase labels, relative length of time, and whether DNA is
replicated or unreplicated.
47. What is the G0 phase?
48. What are the three checkpoints? What kind of experiments were done to study these
checkpoints?
49. How do each of the checkpoints occur? What regulates them, what compounds are
involved, etc.
50. What are proliferation and antiproliferation genes?
51. What is the difference between expression and functional mutations? In what scenarios
will cancer occur? In what scenarios will cell division cease?
52. How does P53 work? How can a mutation in P53 cause cancer?
53. How does BRCA-1 work? How can a mutation in BRCA-1 cause cancer?
54. Differentiate between endogenous and exogenous proliferation genes.
55. Differentiate between protooncogenes and oncogenes.
Bio 201, Fall 10
Vocabulary
Fermentation, lactate, pyruvate processing, christae, matrix, outer membrane, inner
membrane, intermembrane space, Kreb’s cycle, citrate synthetase, Acetyl Coenzyme A,
isomerase, dehydrogenase, electron transport chain, complex I, complex II, complex III,
complex IV, coenzyme Q, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, free radical, superoxide
dismutase, catalase, heterotroph, autotroph, photoautotroph, chemoautotroph,
photosynthesis, thylakoid, granum, stroma, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, β-carotene,
xanthophyll, pigment, antenna complex, reaction center, inductive resonance, light
reactions, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation, photosytem I, photosystem II, photon, NADP,
RuBP, rubisco, G3P, NADPH, 3-phosphoglycerate, glycolate, mitosis, cell cycle, cancer,
parent cell, daughter cell, chromosome, chromatid, chromatin, histone, gene,
unreplicated, replicated, interphase, cytokinesis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, centrosome, spindle fiber apparatus, kinetochore, G1, G2, m pahse, s phase, G0
phase, G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, mitotic checkpoint, heterokaryon, maturation
promotion factor, oocyte, cyclin-dependen kinase-2, cyclin-dependent kinase-1, mitotic
cyclin, s phase cyclin, G2-MPF, G1-MPF, protease, apoptosis, proliferation gene,
antiproliferation gene, expression mutation, functional mutation, P53, C.A.D., caspase,
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2, progesterone, endogenous proliferation gene, exogenous
proliferation gene, protooncogene, oncogene
Other study tips






Read the book!
Flashcards for vocabulary
Rewrite your notes – write out just the headings, then try to fill in the rest without
looking
Do the SI worksheets, compare answers with friends
Review homework – read the question, decide what concept it’s testing, then think of
other ways he could test you on the same concept
Ask me questions via the CAPS message boards (see instructions below)
o The last time I will check the message boards and respond to questions is
10PM the day before your final
o Make sure that if you are asking about one of the study guide or worksheet
questions, you copy and paste the question, and tell me your best guess for the
answer rather than just asking for the answer
o Message boards:

www.unm.edu/caps, Under “online services”, click “message boards
 Click the “private messages” tab
 Under “options” click “send a private message”
 For select recipient, find kcauthen