Download CHAPTER 10 PERSIAN: Inner and East Asia, 600-1200

CHAPTER 10 PERSIAN: Inner and East Asia, 600-1200
Political
Economic
Religious
Social
The Early Tang
Empire, 618-755
Rivals for Power in
Inner Asia and China,
600-907
-(615) Sui collapses (rule lasts for
only 34 years)
-Tang Dynasty → “cosmopolitan”;
Li Shimin (r. 627-649) avoids
overcentralization by allowing local
administrative, gentry, officials, and
religious to exercise significant
power; extends power westward into
Inner Asia
-tributary system → countries
acknowledge the supremacy of the
Chinese emperor
-Confucian examination system
-symbiotic relationship between early
Tang princes and monastic leaders →
monastic leaders pray for princes,
preach on their behalf, council
aristocrats to support them and
contribute monastic wealth while
monasteries receive tax exemptions,
land privileges and gifts
-well-maintained roads and water
transport link Chang’an to coastal
towns of S. China (Canton)
-(trade) W. Asia → China: polo,
grape wine; India and SE Asia →
China: tea, sugar, spices (transforms
diet)
-balance of trade → China exports
much more than imports
-superior silks
-China is sole supplier of porcelain
-Buddhism becomes more popular
after disunity; follows trade routes;
encourages leader to produce
harmonious society; Mahayana
Buddhism → bodhisattvas, local
gods absorbed into sainthood,
conversion becomes more attractive
to common people, translation of
Buddhist scripture into local
languages; exchange of ideas
-Chang’an’s population over onemillion (most live outside city walls);
suburbs; W. Asians live in special
compounds (over 100,000);
restaurants, inns, temples, mosques
and street stalls; curfew; hub of
communication; destination for
ambassadors
-Tang women were likely to exercise
greater influence in the management
of property, in the arts, and in politics
-Uighurs → strong ties to both the
Islamic and world and China;
excelled as merchants and scribes;
business in many languages;
Buddhist influence
-Tibet: alphabet from India; China
and India → Tibet: mathematics,
astronomy, divination, farming,
milling of grain; Greek medicine;
Konjo; excelled at war
-(755) An Lushan’s rebellion
-(879-881) uprising of Huang Chao
Intellectual
Artistic
N-Geography
Political
than women in Chinese society at
later times; noblewomen compete in
polo
-warfare → crossbow, armored
infantry, use of iron stirrups
-Grand Canal: links Yellow and
Yangtze Rivers, North and South
China (Sui)
-compass design and very large
ocean-going ships
-Turkic influence sculpture → large
pottery figurines of horses and twohumped camels
-clothing: working people change
from robes → pants; hemp → cotton
-Chang’an (Xian) capital: Central
Asians, Tibetans, Vietnamese,
Japanese and Koreans visit taking
most recent ideas and styles
-consolidate control of S. China →
access to Indian Ocean (Islamic and
Jewish influence) (Red Mosque);
bubonic plague
-Li Bo
-Confucianism ideology reasserted
over Buddhism → Han Yu (768824) disparages the Buddha and his
followers for undermining the
Confucian idea of the family as the
model for the state; also blame for
eroding tax base
-Wu Zhao; Yang Guifei;
-foreign evil
- monks threaten family; imperial
edict of 845 → demolition of 4600
temples and forcible conversion of
26,500
-Turks originate in N. Mongolia
-Uighurs: Kashgar and Khotan
The Emergence of
East Asia, to 1200
(Song)
New Kingdoms in East
Asia
-Liao (Khitans)
-Jin (Jurchens)
-Korea: “bone ranks” during Silla
Kingdom (Tang supported)
-Korea: (early 900s) unites Korean
peninsula; amicable relations with
Song China
-Japan: (mid-600s) emperors seldom
yielded any real political power;
Yamato regime implement Taika
reforms which give Yamato key
features of Tang government; legal
code, Confucianism, Buddhism
-Japan: cities built without walls →
less war than China; no Confucian
mandate of heaven; prime minister
and Shinto leaders exercise real
power
-Japan: Fujiwara
-Japan: Kamakura shogunate
-Vietnam: Tang and Song influence
→ Confucian bureaucratic training,
Mahayana Buddhism; Annam → Dai
Viet; Champa (S. Vietnam) → Indian
Ocean trade and communication
Economic
Religious
Social
Intellectual
-industrial revolution
-iron and coal mining ↑ (weapons)
(18C Britain)
-interregional credit (“flying
money”): paper could be redeemed
for money; family networks
-paper money and military spending
→ inflation → tax farming
-merchants, artisans, gentry and
officials make fortunes → taste for
fine fabrics, porcelain, exotic foods,
large houses, exquisite paintings and
books
-“modern” → private capitalism and
urban middle class
-Zen (Chan) Buddhism → mental
discipline alone could win salvation;
meditative practice created from
Indian and Tibetan folk practice
-army four times as large as Tang
(1.25 million)
-during 1100s population rises above
100,000,000
-urban population density → new
techniques in waste management,
water supply and fire fighting
-Hanzhou → restaurants, bookstores,
wine shops, tea houses, theaters
-WOMEN → cultural subordination,
legal disenfranchisement and social
restriction; woman’s property passed
to husband; women could not
remarry if husband divorced them or
died; modest education; footbinding
(by 1200, girls with unbound feet
were undesirable); south did not
practice footbinding → more
mobility and economic independence
-merchants have several wives
(manage homes and businesses in
their absence)
-fractions to describe phases of the
moon
-Crab Nebula (1054)
-Su Song → mechanical celestial
clock in Kaifeng; first chain-drive
mechanism
-innovations to magnetic compass
make suitable for seafaring
-junk
-gunpowder (shelling)
-neo-Confucianism: Zhu Xi → the
ideal human is the sage, emphasizes
individual moral and social mobility,
man is naturally good, develops in
reaction to Buddhist and Daoist
intellectual dominance
-civil service examinations →
Confucian classics relating to
economic management or foreign
policy; most talented men; peasants
could rarely compete
Vietnam → Champa rice to Song
China
-Korea: Koryo supports Buddhism
-Japan: (8C) in some ways,
surpasses China in Buddhist study
-Japan: Murusaki Shikibu’s The Tale
of Genji
-Japan: noblewomen live in neartotal isolation → poetries, diaries,
storytelling
-Vietnam: women higher status than
China → wet rice cultivation
-Korea: Koryo make superb printed
editions of Buddhist texts;
woodblock printing
-Murasaki Shikibu → Tale of Genji
-movable type → cheaper printing of
books; allows more people to prepare
for exams; landlords have access to
expert advice on planting and
irrigation techniques, harvesting, tree
cultivation, threshing, and weaving;
fight malaria
-stern mounted rudder, high quality
steel, gunpowder
-Li Qingzhao (pg. 260)
Artistic
N-Geography
-Kaifeng is capital
-Japan: adopt Chinese building
architecture
-Korea: mountains, forests; less than
20% of land suitable for agriculture
-Japan: fours islands, mountainous
and forested; 11% of land suitable for
farming
-Japan: Kyoto capital (794-1185)
-Vietnam: fertile river valleys →
Red River (N) and Mekong (S)