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UNIT 6 MUSCULAR SYSTEM SUBOBJECTIVES 6.1. I can describe the levels of organization in skeletal muscle 6.2. I can name the parts of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle cells) and describe their functions 6.3. I can explain how a motor neuron signals a muscle to contract 6.4. I can explain how muscles contract 6.5. I can explain how muscles relax 6.6. I can explain how the 3 types of muscle fibers vary in contraction speed, energy supply, vascularity, size, and color 6.7. I can explain how exercise affects skeletal muscle 6.8. I can explain how the location and attachment of skeletal muscles cause movement 6.9. I can identify and describe the function of the major muscle systems of each body region Evolution connection 6.10. I can describe “goosebumps” and explain why we get them. Why do humans get "goosebumps" when they are cold, or under other circumstances? http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-humans-get-goosebu/ Imagine swimming in a lake on a hot summer day. The water is quite warm, but the wind is strong and the moment you leave the water you feel chilly and get "goosebumps." So you change clothes and move inside to warm up. You make a nice cup of tea, get under a blanket and switch on the radio. Suddenly, you hear a song from a long time ago, the song your grandmother used to sing to you when you were a child. Again, you feel a chill on your back and again, you get goosebumps. Why do such seemingly unrelated events elicit the same body reaction? The reason for this is the physiology of emotions. Goosebumps are a physiological phenomenon inherited from our animal ancestors, which was useful to them but are not of much help to us. Goosebumps are tiny elevations of the skin that resemble the skin of poultry after the feathers have been plucked. (Therefore we could as well call them "turkeybumps" or "duckbumps.") These bumps are caused by a contraction of miniature muscles that are attached to each hair. Each contracting muscle creates a shallow depression on the skin surface, which causes the surrounding area to protrude. The contraction also causes the hair to stand up whenever the body feels cold. In animals with a thick hair coat this rising of hair expands the layer of air that serves as insulation. The thicker the hair layer, the more heat is retained. In people this reaction is useless because we do not have a hair coat, but goosebumps persist nevertheless. In addition to cold, the hair will also stand up in many animals when they feel threatened--in a cat being attacked by a dog, for example. The elevated hair, together with the arched back and the sideward position the animal often assumes, makes the cat appear bigger in an attempt to make the dog back off. People also tend to experience goosebumps during emotional situations, such as walking down the aisle during their wedding, standing on a podium and listening to a national anthem after winning in sports, or even just watching horror movies on television. Quite often a person may get goosebumps many years after a significant event, just by thinking about the emotions she once experienced, perhaps while listening to the romantic song to which she danced many years ago with the love of her life. The reason for all these responses is the subconscious release of a stress hormone called adrenaline. Adrenaline, which in humans is produced in two small beanlike glands that sit atop the kidneys, not only causes the contraction of skin muscles but also influences many other body reactions. In animals, this hormone is released when the animal is cold or facing a stressful situation, preparing the animal for flight-or-fight reaction. In humans, adrenaline is often released when we feel cold or afraid, but also if we are under stress and feel strong emotions, such as anger or excitement. Other signs of adrenaline release include tears, sweaty palms, trembling hands, an increase in blood pressure, a racing heart or the feeling of 'butterflies' in the stomach. READINGS 1) 2) 3) Structure of a Skeletal Muscle through Relaxation (pages 278-287) Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers (pages 292-293 and 9.2 Clinical Application: Use and Disuse of Skeletal Muscles) Skeletal Muscle Actions through Muscles That Move the Foot (pages 296-325) MORPHEMES http://quizlet.com/_et7zb 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) CalatErgFasc–gram HyperInter- 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) IsoLatenMyoReticulSarcoSyn- 13) 14) 15) 16) Tetan–tonic –troph Voluntary- STRUCTURES http://quizlet.com/_i9w1e Figure 9.4 Page 281 Memorize all structures Figure 9.2 page 280 Memorize the following: bone, tendon, fascia, sarcolemma, nucleus, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, filament Figure 9.6 page 281 Memorize all structures Figure 9.8 Memorize the following: mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft, motor neuron axon, axon branches, muscle fiber nucleus, myofibril of muscle fiber Figure 9.9 page 283 memorize all structures Figure 9.10 page 285 Be able to explain the role of the following in muscle contraction: tropomyosin, troponin, actin, myosin, Ca +2, ATP, ADP, and myosin cross-bridge ? Figure 9.22 page 298 Figure 9.11 page 286 Memorize all structures Figure 9.24 page 303 Figure 9.23 page 301 Figure 9.26 page 305 Figure 9.25 page 304 Figure 9.28 page 307 Figure 9.34 page 316 Figure 9.29 page 309 Figure 9.35 page 317 Figure 9.30 page 310 Figure 9.36 page 318 Figure 9.38 page 322 Figure 9.39 page 323 Figure 9.22 Muscles of Facial Expression Muscle Action Epicranius Raises Eyebrows as when surprised Orbicularis oculi Closes eye as in blinking Orbicularis oris Closes lips, protrudes lips as for kissing Buccinator Zygomaticus Platysma Compresses cheeks inward as when blowing air Raises corner of mouth as when smiling Draws angle of mouth downward as when pouting and depresses jaw Figure 9.23 Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column Muscle Action Sternocleidomastoid Pulls head to one side, flexes neck or (Figures 9.22 and elevates sternum 9.25) Splenius capitis Rotates head to one side, flexes neck or elevates sternum Semispinalis capitis Extends head, bends head to one side, or rotates head Illiocostalis Extends lumbar region of vertebral lumborum column Illiocostalis thoracis Extends thoracic region of vertebral column Illiocostalis cervicis Extends cervical region of vertebral column Longissimus thoracis Extends thoracic region of vertebral column Figure 9.40 page 340 Figure 9.22 Muscles of mastication Muscle Action Masseter Elevates mandible Temporalis Elevates mandible Medial pterygoid Elevates mandible and moves it from side to side Lateral pterygoid Depresses and protracts mandible and moves it from side to side Figures 9.24, 9.25, and 9.26 Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle Muscle Action Trapezius Rotates and raises scapula Rhomboideus major Levator scapulae Raises and adducts scapula Serratus anterior Pulls scapula anteriorly and downward Pulls scapula forward and downward or raises ribs Pectoralis minor Raises scapula Figures 9.26, 9.27, and 9.28 Muscles That Move the Arm Muscle Action Coracobrachialis Flexes and adducts the arm Pectoralis major Supraspinatus Deltoid Subscapularis Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm medially Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially, or pulls the shoulder downward and back Abducts arm Abducts, extends, and flexes arm Rotates arm medially Infraspinatus Teres minor Rotates arm laterally Rotates arm laterally Teres major Latissimus dorsi Figures 9.29 and 9.30 Muscles That Move the Hand Muscle Action Flexor carpi radialis Flexes wrist and abducts hand Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexes wrist and adducts hand Flexes the wrist Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor digitorum superficialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Flexes distal joints of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Extends wrist and abducts hand Extends wrist and abducts hand Extends wrist and adducts hand Extends fingers Figures 9.28 and 9.29 Muscles That Move the Forearm Muscle Action Biceps brachii Flexes forearm at elbow and rotates hand laterally Brachialis Flexes forearm at elbow Brachioradialis Flexes forearm at elbow Triceps brachii Extends forearm at elbow Supinator Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Rotates forearm laterally Rotates forearm medially Rotates forearm medially Figure 9.25 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Muscle Action External oblique Tenses abdominal wall and compresses abdominal contents Internal oblique Same as above Transversus Same as above abdominis Rectus abdominis Same as above; also flexes vertebral column Figures 9.34 and 9.35 Muscles That Move the Thigh Muscle Action Psoas major Flexes thigh Iliacus Flexes thigh Gluteus maximus Extends thigh at hip Gluteus medius Abducts and rotates thigh medially Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Abducts and rotates thigh medially Abducts, flexes, and rotates thigh medially Adducts and flexes thigh Adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh laterally Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Adducts, extends, and rotates thigh laterally Adducts thigh and flexes leg at the knee Figures 9.38, 9.39, and 9.40 Muscles That Move the Foot Muscle Action Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot Fibularis tertius Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot Extensor digitorum Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot and longus extension of toes Gastrocnemius Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg at knee Soleus Plantar flexion of foot Flexor digitorum Plantar flexion and inversion of foot longus and flexion of four lateral toes Tibialis posterior Plantar flexion and inversion of foot Fibularis longus Plantar flexion and eversion of foot: also supports arch OTHER VOCABULARY Figures 9.34, 9.35, and 9.36 Muscles That Move the Leg Muscle Action Biceps femoris Flexes and rotates leg laterally and extends thigh Semitendinosus Flexes and rotates leg medially and extends thigh Semimembranosus Flexes and rotates leg medially and extends thigh Sartorius Flexes leg and thigh, abducts and rotates thigh laterally Rectus femoris Extends leg at knee Vastus lateralis Extends leg at knee Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Extends leg at knee Extends leg at knee 6.1 1) 2) 3) 4) Fascia Tendon Periosteum Aponeuroses 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) Muscle fiber Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Myofibril Myosin Actin Sarcomere I band Z line A band H zone M line Titin Troponin Tropomyosin Sarcoplasmic reticulum 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) Motor neuron Neuromuscular junction Mitochondria Motor unit Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach) Cytoplasm Vesicle Axon 6.2 6.3 31) Calcium ion 32) Cytosol 33) Permeable 6.4 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) Cross-bridge Enzyme ATPase ATP ADP 6.5 39) Acetylcholinesterase 6.6 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) ATP produced via oxidation ATP produced via glycolysis Fast-twitch Slow-twitch Red fibers White fibers Intermediate fibers 6.7 47) Hypertrophy 48) Atrophy 49) Capillary 6.8 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) Origin Insertion Prime mover Agonist Synergist Antagonist