Download Unit 06 Outline Muscular System

UNIT 6 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SUBOBJECTIVES
6.1. I can describe the levels of organization in skeletal muscle
6.2. I can name the parts of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle cells) and describe their functions
6.3. I can explain how a motor neuron signals a muscle to contract
6.4. I can explain how muscles contract
6.5. I can explain how muscles relax
6.6. I can explain how the 3 types of muscle fibers vary in contraction speed, energy supply, vascularity, size, and color
6.7. I can explain how exercise affects skeletal muscle
6.8. I can explain how the location and attachment of skeletal muscles cause movement
6.9. I can identify and describe the function of the major muscle systems of each body region
Evolution connection
6.10. I can describe “goosebumps” and explain why we get them.
Why do humans get "goosebumps" when they are cold, or under other circumstances?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-humans-get-goosebu/
Imagine swimming in a lake on a hot summer day. The water is quite warm, but the wind is strong and the moment you leave the
water you feel chilly and get "goosebumps." So you change clothes and move inside to warm up. You make a nice cup of tea, get
under a blanket and switch on the radio. Suddenly, you hear a song from a long time ago, the song your grandmother used to
sing to you when you were a child. Again, you feel a chill on your back and again, you get goosebumps. Why do such seemingly
unrelated events elicit the same body reaction? The reason for this is the physiology of emotions.
Goosebumps are a physiological phenomenon inherited from our animal ancestors, which was useful to them but are not of
much help to us. Goosebumps are tiny elevations of the skin that resemble the skin of poultry after the feathers have been
plucked. (Therefore we could as well call them "turkeybumps" or "duckbumps.") These bumps are caused by a contraction of
miniature muscles that are attached to each hair. Each contracting muscle creates a shallow depression on the skin surface,
which causes the surrounding area to protrude. The contraction also causes the hair to stand up whenever the body feels cold. In
animals with a thick hair coat this rising of hair expands the layer of air that serves as insulation. The thicker the hair layer, the
more heat is retained. In people this reaction is useless because we do not have a hair coat, but goosebumps persist
nevertheless.
In addition to cold, the hair will also stand up in many animals when they feel threatened--in a cat being attacked by a dog, for
example. The elevated hair, together with the arched back and the sideward position the animal often assumes, makes the cat
appear bigger in an attempt to make the dog back off. People also tend to experience goosebumps during emotional situations,
such as walking down the aisle during their wedding, standing on a podium and listening to a national anthem after winning in
sports, or even just watching horror movies on television. Quite often a person may get goosebumps many years after a
significant event, just by thinking about the emotions she once experienced, perhaps while listening to the romantic song to
which she danced many years ago with the love of her life.
The reason for all these responses is the subconscious release of a stress hormone called adrenaline. Adrenaline, which in
humans is produced in two small beanlike glands that sit atop the kidneys, not only causes the contraction of skin muscles but
also influences many other body reactions. In animals, this hormone is released when the animal is cold or facing a stressful
situation, preparing the animal for flight-or-fight reaction. In humans, adrenaline is often released when we feel cold or afraid,
but also if we are under stress and feel strong emotions, such as anger or excitement. Other signs of adrenaline release include
tears, sweaty palms, trembling hands, an increase in blood pressure, a racing heart or the feeling of 'butterflies' in the stomach.
READINGS
1)
2)
3)
Structure of a Skeletal Muscle through Relaxation (pages 278-287)
Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers (pages 292-293 and 9.2 Clinical Application: Use and Disuse of Skeletal Muscles)
Skeletal Muscle Actions through Muscles That Move the Foot (pages 296-325)
MORPHEMES
http://quizlet.com/_et7zb
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
CalatErgFasc–gram
HyperInter-
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
IsoLatenMyoReticulSarcoSyn-
13)
14)
15)
16)
Tetan–tonic
–troph
Voluntary-
STRUCTURES
http://quizlet.com/_i9w1e
Figure 9.4 Page 281 Memorize all
structures
Figure 9.2 page 280 Memorize the following:
bone, tendon, fascia, sarcolemma, nucleus,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, filament
Figure 9.6 page 281 Memorize all
structures
Figure 9.8 Memorize the following: mitochondria, synaptic
vesicles, synaptic cleft, motor neuron axon, axon branches,
muscle fiber nucleus, myofibril of muscle fiber
Figure 9.9 page 283 memorize all
structures
Figure 9.10 page 285 Be able to explain the role of the following in
muscle contraction: tropomyosin, troponin, actin, myosin, Ca +2, ATP,
ADP, and myosin cross-bridge
?
Figure 9.22 page 298
Figure 9.11 page 286 Memorize
all structures
Figure 9.24 page 303
Figure 9.23 page 301
Figure 9.26 page 305
Figure 9.25 page 304
Figure 9.28 page 307
Figure 9.34 page 316
Figure 9.29 page 309
Figure 9.35 page 317
Figure 9.30 page 310
Figure 9.36 page 318
Figure 9.38 page 322
Figure 9.39 page 323
Figure 9.22 Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscle
Action
Epicranius
Raises Eyebrows as when surprised
Orbicularis oculi
Closes eye as in blinking
Orbicularis oris
Closes lips, protrudes lips as for kissing
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
Platysma
Compresses cheeks inward as when
blowing air
Raises corner of mouth as when smiling
Draws angle of mouth downward as
when pouting and depresses jaw
Figure 9.23 Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral
Column
Muscle
Action
Sternocleidomastoid Pulls head to one side, flexes neck or
(Figures 9.22 and
elevates sternum
9.25)
Splenius capitis
Rotates head to one side, flexes neck or
elevates sternum
Semispinalis capitis
Extends head, bends head to one side,
or rotates head
Illiocostalis
Extends lumbar region of vertebral
lumborum
column
Illiocostalis thoracis
Extends thoracic region of vertebral
column
Illiocostalis cervicis
Extends cervical region of vertebral
column
Longissimus thoracis Extends thoracic region of vertebral
column
Figure 9.40 page 340
Figure 9.22 Muscles of mastication
Muscle
Action
Masseter
Elevates mandible
Temporalis
Elevates mandible
Medial pterygoid
Elevates mandible and moves it from
side to side
Lateral pterygoid
Depresses and protracts mandible and
moves it from side to side
Figures 9.24, 9.25, and 9.26 Muscles That Move the
Pectoral Girdle
Muscle
Action
Trapezius
Rotates and raises scapula
Rhomboideus
major
Levator scapulae
Raises and adducts scapula
Serratus anterior
Pulls scapula anteriorly and
downward
Pulls scapula forward and downward
or raises ribs
Pectoralis minor
Raises scapula
Figures 9.26, 9.27, and 9.28 Muscles That Move the Arm
Muscle
Action
Coracobrachialis
Flexes and adducts the arm
Pectoralis major
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Subscapularis
Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm
medially
Extends, adducts, and rotates arm
medially
Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm
medially, or pulls the shoulder
downward and back
Abducts arm
Abducts, extends, and flexes arm
Rotates arm medially
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Rotates arm laterally
Rotates arm laterally
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Figures 9.29 and 9.30 Muscles That Move the Hand
Muscle
Action
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexes wrist and abducts hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexes wrist and adducts hand
Flexes the wrist
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Flexes distal joints of fingers
Flexes fingers and wrist
Extends wrist and abducts hand
Extends wrist and abducts hand
Extends wrist and adducts hand
Extends fingers
Figures 9.28 and 9.29 Muscles That Move the Forearm
Muscle
Action
Biceps brachii
Flexes forearm at elbow and rotates
hand laterally
Brachialis
Flexes forearm at elbow
Brachioradialis
Flexes forearm at elbow
Triceps brachii
Extends forearm at elbow
Supinator
Pronator teres
Pronator
quadratus
Rotates forearm laterally
Rotates forearm medially
Rotates forearm medially
Figure 9.25 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Muscle
Action
External oblique
Tenses abdominal wall and
compresses abdominal contents
Internal oblique
Same as above
Transversus
Same as above
abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Same as above; also flexes vertebral
column
Figures 9.34 and 9.35 Muscles That Move the Thigh
Muscle
Action
Psoas major
Flexes thigh
Iliacus
Flexes thigh
Gluteus maximus
Extends thigh at hip
Gluteus medius
Abducts and rotates thigh medially
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Abducts and rotates thigh medially
Abducts, flexes, and rotates thigh
medially
Adducts and flexes thigh
Adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh
laterally
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Adducts, extends, and rotates thigh
laterally
Adducts thigh and flexes leg at the knee
Figures 9.38, 9.39, and 9.40 Muscles That Move the Foot
Muscle
Action
Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
Fibularis tertius
Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
Extensor digitorum
Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot and
longus
extension of toes
Gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg
at knee
Soleus
Plantar flexion of foot
Flexor digitorum
Plantar flexion and inversion of foot
longus
and flexion of four lateral toes
Tibialis posterior
Plantar flexion and inversion of foot
Fibularis longus
Plantar flexion and eversion of foot:
also supports arch
OTHER VOCABULARY
Figures 9.34, 9.35, and 9.36 Muscles That Move the Leg
Muscle
Action
Biceps femoris
Flexes and rotates leg laterally and
extends thigh
Semitendinosus
Flexes and rotates leg medially and
extends thigh
Semimembranosus Flexes and rotates leg medially and
extends thigh
Sartorius
Flexes leg and thigh, abducts and
rotates thigh laterally
Rectus femoris
Extends leg at knee
Vastus lateralis
Extends leg at knee
Vastus medialis
Vastus
intermedius
Extends leg at knee
Extends leg at knee
6.1
1)
2)
3)
4)
Fascia
Tendon
Periosteum
Aponeuroses
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
Muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Myofibril
Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
I band
Z line
A band
H zone
M line
Titin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
Motor neuron
Neuromuscular junction
Mitochondria
Motor unit
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Cytoplasm
Vesicle
Axon
6.2
6.3
31) Calcium ion
32) Cytosol
33) Permeable
6.4
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
Cross-bridge
Enzyme
ATPase
ATP
ADP
6.5
39) Acetylcholinesterase
6.6
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
ATP produced via oxidation
ATP produced via glycolysis
Fast-twitch
Slow-twitch
Red fibers
White fibers
Intermediate fibers
6.7
47) Hypertrophy
48) Atrophy
49) Capillary
6.8
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
Origin
Insertion
Prime mover
Agonist
Synergist
Antagonist