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Prelude To War (Chapt 16) Threats to World Peace The Treaty of Versailles and its punishing provisions would create hard feelings throughout Europe- this proves to be a roadblock to lasting peace. What were the Versailles Treaty provisions? Rise of Dictators-Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolph Hitler, Francisco Franco Stalin (communist) will come to power in the Soviet Union in 1924 He “Purges” all opposition- thousands executed, millions die Mussolini (Il Duce)(fascist) Creates the Fascist Party in Italy in 1921, by 1922 controlled the government. Hitler (fascist) comes to power in 1928 in Germany Franco(fascist) overthrows the Spanish monarchy in 1936 with help from Hitler and Mussolini Fascism vs. Communism Fascism- dictatorship, central control of private enterprise, militarism, repression of opposition, extreme nationalism. Emphasizes class division. Communism- Classless society in which all property and wealth is controlled by the state. Both are totalitarian …BUT they completely opposed each other Adolph Hitler (Der Fuehrer) Fascist Dictator He joined the Nazi Party in 1919. Hitler rose to power and was eventually elected by exploiting the following: 1.Hardships of the Depression 2.German anger over the Versailles Treaty (Germany as victim, and “lebensraum” – living space) 3.Fear of Communism 4. Prejudices against Jewish people that already existed in German society. (His ideas were established in his book- “Mein Kampf”) 1930’-Nationalist military leaders take control. In the late 1800’s Japan changed into an industrial military power by Rise of Japan (more Fascism and dictatorship) transforming the Shogun feudal system. Japan defeats Russia in 1904. Japan was becoming over- populated and wanted (like, Hitler) more “living space” and access to natural resources. In 1931 Japan invades resource rich Manchuria Rape of Nanking (1937- 1938) – 300,000 Chinese POWs and civilians killedsymbolizes the brutality of the Japanese military Emperor Hirohito Effects of Japan’s invasion of China No international action against Japan’s attack on China gave Hitler and Mussolini the idea they could start aggressions:… Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations (’31) In 1935 Hitler begins to rebuild the German military violating the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia “to re-establish the Roman Empire.” In 1936 Germany re-occupies the Rhineland. In 1936 Germany and Italy announce the signing of the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact. The League of Nations responds with economic sanctions on Italy but nothing else. American Anti-War Isolationist Feelings The US had little desire for a WWI repeat. In 1928 the U.S. and 61 other nations had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, in which they pledged never to make war again. 1935 Congress passes the Neutrality Acts designed to keep America out of future wars. Nazi Expansion In Europe March 12, 1938 - Germany invades and annexes Austria. Hitler then demands the Sudetenland (a mainly ethnic German area) back from Czechoslovakia. (It had been taken from Germany as part of the Versailles Treaty) Munich Conference and Munich Pact Hitler (Germany), Daladier (France), Chamberlain (Britain) This agreement would turn the Sudetenland over to Germany. Hitler promised to make no more territorial demands. Chamberlain announced that they had achieved “… peace in our time.” Appeasement Definition: Giving in to “Britain and France demands in order to had a choice between war avoid war. and dishonor. They chose The leader of Britain’s dishonor. They will have opposition party, war.” Winston Churchill said… -Winston Churchill March 15, 1939 – Germany invades and occupies the rest of Chamberlain declaring Czechoslovakia. “peace in our time” The need for “lebensraum”! (and the Nazi/Soviet Non- aggression Pact) Hitler will now turn his attention to the east (the Russians). What problems could this cause him? (think about WWI) August 23, 1939 Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact (both sides agreed not to fight each other) “The Blitzkrieg” begins Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland Sept. 3, 1939 – Britain and France declare war on Germany. Poland falls before Britain and France had a chance to make a difference. The USSR also invades Poland from the east to take its share of the land. The “Sitzkrieg” (read only) France believed that they were safe behind the Maginot Line This is the ‘phony war’ or ‘sitzkrieg’ because nothing would happen through the winter of 1939-’40. The Soviet Union invades Finland (after having already occupied the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). Blitzkrieg in the West (FYI/read only) April 9, 1940 – Germany invades Denmark and Norway, then the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Britain and France would now send troops into Belgium. This attack was anticipated by Germany The Fall of France Germans invaded France from the north, Italy also invades France. Within a month France fell. (French General Charles de Gaulle escapes, he becomes the leader of “Free France” (French government?)while in exile.) Vichy, France Government is created( French government?) The British army is trapped in France and barely escapes destruction at Dunkirk Beach. Dunkirk: Hitler’s First Major Mistake The evacuation of the allied troops at Dunkirk, France by the British navy is considered to be one of the miracles of the war Hitler halts the German army advance and orders the Luftwaffe to attack-this fails The British army escapes along with several thousand French troops A Change In British Leadership The “weak old man of Munich” Neville Chamberlain “The Bulldog”Winston Churchill The Battle of Britain After the fall France, only Britain is left to fight in Europe. The Battle of Britain was an air campaign Continual bombing in an attempt to knock out the RAF (Royal Air Force) and destroy Britain’s will to fight. This “battle” lasts about 1 year. Britain prevails. Germany does not invade. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Tripartite Pact (1940) – Japan joins the Axis of Germany and Italy. The American Response We had declared neutrality, (but in name only. ) We had been requiring “Cash and Carry”…but who were we selling to? FDR increases spending on the military. We begin the first peacetime military draft 1940 FDR wins a third presidential term “The Arsenal of Democracy”- (Lend Lease) By 1940 Britain had no more cash. FDR offers ‘lend lease’ (1941). FDR –said the United States would become “the arsenal of democracy” The president could lend or lease arms to any country whose defense was vital to the United States. What countries would that be? Operation Barbarossa June 22, 1941 – Germany invades the Soviet Union. The U.S. would give Lend/Lease supplies to the Soviets just as we did the British. Churchill defended giving aid to Stalin and the Communists by saying… “If Hitler invaded Hell, I would be prepared to work with the devil himself.” Winston Churchill Atlantic Charter Churchill and FDR meet They sign a document stating the reasons for opposing the Axis – (the U.S. was not in the war yet. ) Atlantic Charter (pg 554) becomes the basis of The United Nations The U.S. and Germany will be fighting an undeclared naval war. Q: What Did FDR Say The US Must Support? Japanese Expansion By 1941, only the U.S. kept Japan from expansion In the summer of 1941 the U.S. cut off oil trade with Japan (What would this affect?) “… a date that shall live in infamy.” Dec. 7, 1941 The Japanese fleet attacks the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. US losses were; 18 ships, sunk, 350 planes destroyed and over 2,000 killed. Japan’s Failure :… US aircraft carriers (the most important ships in the battle of the Pacific) would be out of port. Aviation fuel tanks not destroyed FDR’s War Message To Congress Extra slides This Time ... This time we must make certain That this time is the last time. This time we won’t say curtains Till we ring it down in their own hometown. For This time we have to finish The job we started then. Clean it up for all time, this time, So we never have to do it again. Dressed up to win. We are dressed up to win. Dressed up for a victory. We are just beginning and we won’t stop winning Til the world is free! Failure of the League of Nations (Remember this group had been formed as part of the Versailles Treaty-it’s purpose was to help avoid war) Response to Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia was to boycott & issue sanctions and threats. The emperor of Ethiopia appealed to the League and warned, “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow.” “Never has so much been owed by so many to so few” –Churchill referring to RAF fighter pilots (read only) In the Battle of Britain, use of RADAR and the efforts of the RAF fighter pilots hold off the Germans Hitler switched from attacking military sites to the cities -this gives the RAF time to rest and train new pilots. Hitler calls off the planned invasion