Download {2.} and {4.}

CELESTIAL ASTRONOMER.
We look at the night sky and are overwhelmed at the mass of
stars and other bodies in our sky.
During the daylight we feel comfortable because we can
recognize and have understanding of the general movement of
the SUN and moon.
Many years ago with no city lights, the stars seemed brighter at
night and stars were studied and visualized as familiar figures.
These figures, pictures, are known as constellations, with given
names and shapes, people gave names to the constellation
groups and to the individual stars.
Constellations are the way that many learn about the sky and
help as a memory aid to the stars that form the figures, the
constellations did organize this endless wonder, our sky.
As scientist looked longer at our sky they categorized stars and
found that they could predict their movement, making an
almanac for the past, now and the future. This makes the
location in the sky of a star possible when the constellation is
partly covered, or when only one star is visible.
Finding one single star is not difficult.
If two friends are looking at the sky, and one was an
astronomer, it would be easy for the astronomer to locate a star
and point to it so that you could see it and know the name.
But! If you were not together, instead linked to a telephone, the
astronomer would have to explain the star location by a system,
of direction and height above the horizon.
Intro 1.
ASTRONOMER.
•
•
•
•
d
THE HORIZON System.
(See
figure “Your Horizon ”. Numbers
are places to look.) >
The Astronomer could describe the
NORTH STAR as “{1.} Look NORTH
and (your LATITUDE) 35 degrees
above your horizon.” He could say
“look eastward or {2.}) 055 at 40
degrees high” for another {3.}
Look westward at 260 and 20
degrees high” for another star. With
little practice you can section off
and locate areas of the sky for easy
star identity. Without the
Astronomer to give direction and
< W 270
height you need the Celestial
ASTRONOMER to take his place.
After dark, while out side, you can
find the North star or use a
compass to find a close to North
direction. After some practice you
can section off your sky in to
bearings and altitude. Let North be
^{3}
at 12 o'clock, the hour hand of the
clock hours gives 30 degree
sections of bearing around horizon.
The altitude at the horizon, looking
straight ahead is zero. Ninety
degrees is overhead, You can use
the hour hand for altitude, over
head =12 o'clock down to your
Intro 2.
horizon at 3 o'clock and zero
altitude, this will help sectioning
your sky.
V, North
000
“Your Horizon
Your Sky”
<{1}North
35degrees = your
Latitude.
^{2} 055@ 40
<You
260@20
S
V 180
<E 090
Understanding PARTS of the
CELESTRIAL ASTRONOMER
1.BASE DISK.
The purpose of the BASE DISK is to interact and
supply information to other disk.
Description: (opaque and circular.) The BASE
DISK is approximately nine inches in diameter. The
BASE DISK is of a bird eye view of the NORTH
hemisphere with the WEST to the left and the
EAST hemisphere to the right.
A pin in the center (that all other disk can rotate
on) contains the earth as a molecule that projects
into far outer space useful information on its outer
rims in terms of:
1. DEGREES labeled every ten from zero to 360
that are used for LONGITUDE. (LONG.)
The same DEGREES are used for GREENWICH
HOUR ANGLE (GHA) and SIDEREAL
HOURS ANGLE (SHA.) (Used for Celestial Bodies.)
2. MONTHS of the YEAR. With the days of the
month, each day equals one degree.
3. GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT) and Time
ZONES. With 12:00 military time at Greenwich
England Zero Longitude and each of 24 time zones
of 15 degrees for the complete 24 hours day.
The Base Disk will enable interaction reading of
between degrees, Time of the year, ( month and
day) and time of the day, ( hour and minuets.)
PBD 3
24
Parts Base Disk.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
pbd4
Longitude W&E
4
3
{2} GHA
&SHA360
2
•
Information on the Base Disk Rim. See drawing>
1. LONG is measured from zero degrees East and
West to180 degrees (for your position.)
2. GHA and SHA are measured from zero degrees to
360 (CW) westward only (Used for celestial
positions)
3. Dates on the rim: Months and days Measure,
NOV. + 4 days/ degrees is NOV 4th.
4. Greenwich Time is the Time on the rim. To read
Time on the rim: 14 hours +14 degrees equals, 14
hours and 56 minutes.
(There are 60 minutes to one hour. There are 15
degrees to one hour 15/60=4min per degree.)
Read/Interact on the disk: NOV 9th=15:16 and Long,
GHA&SHA 49 degrees.
In order to read Your wall clock and convert to GMT time
on the rim, read ZONE DESCRIPTION below.
Zone Description, to convert your Local Clock to
Greenwich Mean Time as read on the Rim.
Zone Description (ZD) is the difference between
12:00 at Greenwich England and your Longitude.
Example: 50W on the rim is closest to 15 and is +3
hours from Greenwich(12) Zone Description is +3.
Your LONGITUDE is 50W your local clock reads
06:02 ZD is +3. In order to change you local time on
your clock to The rim Greenwich Mean Time, (GMT)
you must add ZD. 06 :02 +3=GMT is 09:02 In order to
change GMT to LOCAL TIME, reverse the sign and
add. GMT 09:02 – ZD=0602 is Local Mean Time.
West 180 [1] East 180
{1}Longitude
Horizon Disk.
PARTS.
Celestial ASTRONOMER HORIZON
DISK.
The purpose is to project your position and horizon
(sky) in to outer space and to grid your sky in to
bearings and altitude. (This will enable you to read
the Horizon system and go out side to locate stars.)
Description: Opaque. There are nine Horizon disks
that range from 05 North just above the equator to
85 North (N) near the pole, they are back to back,
making 5 disk. Each of the nine Horizon’s has a
different shape due to latitude (LAT) distortion (from
a round earth projected to a flat paper tangent to the
named latitude (LAT). 5N is oblong and 85N is a
circle. {1} 35N
Detail: Each of the nine Horizon Disk are labeled
with the Lat. that it was projected from.
You use the LAT. nearest to your known LAT.
position. You put the disk on the BASE DISK pin and
rotate the LONGITUDE (LONG) {2} pointer to your
(LONG). The + {3}in the white center is your position.
Looking N towards the pin you will see your horizon
90 degrees from your position bearing 000. The
bearings will increase to the right 90 to 180 to 270
back to 000. Over your position (+) is ninety degrees
altitude from any horizon/ bearing, with ten degree
increments down to your Horizon of zero. Any
celestial body that enters this grid can be read off,
bearing and altitude. Each of the disks are read in
the same way.
{1} 35N
35N
{3} YOU
<{2}Long pointer
HD 5.
{2} LONG Pointer
Horizon System Disk
PARTS
CELESTRIAL ASTRONOMER
STAR DISK
Transparent.
The purpose: to lock named stars and
other celestial bodies together as to
read/ interact with the BASE DISK and
HORIZON DISK.
Details: Transparent and circular. The
Star Disk has one pointer. Called
ARIES.{1}
ARIES controls all stars and bodies on
the disk, as ARIES pointer rotates
around the Months, days Hours,
minutes and degrees on the BASE
DISK so will all bodies rotate.
The EARTH EQUATOR and the
CELESTRIAL EQUATOR are projected
into outer space midway from the
center to the rim. All bodies are either
NORTH declination (DEC) (ABOVE) or
SOUTH DEC. (BELOW) the CELESTIAL
EQUATOR.
( Declination is the same as Latitude.)
The Base Disk will supply the correct
placement of Aries on the Base Disk so
that the Horizon Disk grid can be used
to read the Bearing & Altitude of
bodies on the star disk.
SD 6
{1} Aries
STARS
Putting the Parts to work.
ASTRONOMER Instructions
Set up.
{STARS. {Numbers are, go to
places on the Star Diagram.}
3
1. Place the HORIZON SYSTEM
DISK (HSD) ON the BASE DISK
(BD).
Use the LATITUDE (LAT) nearest
to your LAT. (05N) {1}
2 75W
2. Rotate the HSD arrow to your
LONGITUDE (LONG), (CW to
West Hemisphere) (75W) {2} this
is your position at the center of the
HSD represented by. {3}+
You can now read any body that
enters in-to the Grid in terms of
bearing and altitude.
S7
1
STARS
June
3
July
11
{Numbers are Places on the diagram.}
Example
LAT. 05 North.
LONG.75
3. Find the Month JUNE and count 11
degrees ,CW towards July, for 11 days
on the BD. rim, read the time (GMT) of
5:20. {3} (This is for the first minute after
midnight. JUNE 11.) Each degree = one
day and also 4 minutes of time.
Date 11 June 0000. =05:20
4. Decide when you want to observe the
stars,* perhaps 10:00 GMT. ADD GMT
5:20 and GMT 10:00 for 15:20 GMT.{4}
this will be the correct place for ARIES,
for your observation at 10:00 GMT
Observe GMT. 10:00
June 11 =05:20 + 10:00 =
GMT15:20
5. Place the STAR DISK on the HSD and
rotate the ARIES (V) arrow to 15:20 {5}
on the outer rim of the BASE DISK.
6. The sky is now set for your position
and 10:00 GMT to List and observe your
stars.
S 8.
Make a list.
STARS
{Numbers are Places on the
diagram.}
Star List
{5} Aries 15:20
Stars, Name Alt Bearing
1.Schedar
32 022
2.Alpheratz 55 043
3. Diphda
48 125
F
4
2
.
5
4.Formallhaut 54 167
15:20 {5.}Your 10:00 OB’S
S 9.
STARS
Star finding. Unique,
How it works
The ASTRONOMER uses the Base Disk outer rim, and other Disk to solve
difficult problems. For Star Identity, the Base Disk, Horizon Disk and the
Star Disk are used.
The Eternal Almanac for Aries (Months & Days) on the rim simplifies and
eliminates the need for an Almanac and the computation of figures and
formulas on paper. The Eternal Almanac’s on the BD, Aries months are
equal in degrees to the start of the same month in the almanac. Each of the
degrees, days on the BD, after the month is equal to each day reading in the
almanac at 00 Greenwich Mean Time for that day. .
By reading the GMT on the ASTRONOMER Base Disk for the Month and day
11 June as 05:20 you are selecting 00 minutes GMT of the day 11 June for
Aries as if you read that same month and day out of the Almanac in
degrees. Since you are working in GMT, you can conveniently add your
desired observation time directly, 10:00 GMT of desired observation time to
the 00 minutes for 11 June time 05:20 to place the Aries pointer on the GMT
of 15:20 on the BD. This easy procedure will give you the same answer as
if you worked the difficult paper formula using the Almanac. The GMT 15:20
is now equal to GMT of 10:00 on 11 June.
Another advantage of the GMT on the rim is you can work forward in
observation time to see how the bodies moves in relation to your position
on earth, as time increases. Also, you can quickly catch any mistake, the
complete problem is visible 0n the ASTRONOMER.
S 10.
Note (Later) See GMT& LMT to convert to Local Time.
CELESTIAL ASTRONOMER PARTS.
V
TRANSFER ARM.
The purpose of the TRANSFER ARM is
to transfer planets and other celestial
bodies on the STAR DISK. It can also be
used to solve Great Circle problems.
Description: transparent and circular.
The TRANSFER ARM is a disk split in
half with a pointer at each rim. The
CELESTIAL EQUATOR circles the pole
(pin.)
The split pointer line intersects the
equator at zero declination/and
projected earths zero latitude.
The top pointer line runs from the
celestial Equator to 90 degrees north at
the pole, to 90 degrees south at the
south pole. The lower pointer, runs from
the equator to 30 degrees north and
south and is cut with a slot wide
enough to insert a marker through to
the STAR DISK to add Planets or stars.
T11.
CELESTRAL^ EQUATOR
@ zero & 90 V N&S Declination
Pole Center Pin
Slot >,
zero to 30 degrees
N&S
V
PLANET & OTHER BODIES
ASTRONOMER Instructions.
{Numbers are places to go to on the Diagram.}
Adding Planets, Sun Moon or other bodies to the STAR
DISK.
Using the an ALMANAC for the Year, Month, Day and
GREENWITCH TIME desired. Write the Greenwich Hour
Angle (GHA) and Declination (DEC).of desired bodies on a
paper.
Example.
June 11 1500 GMT Venus is GHA 43 DEC S 14 Mar is 129:
DEC S 10
Jupiter’s GHA is 170: DEC S17: (Round of to nearest
degree.)
Place the star Disk on to the Base Disk and point the pointer
to Zero LONG. {1} leave it there.
Place the TRANSFER ARM on the Star Disk.
Move the pointer on the Transfer Arm to each Planet’s GHA
of the 360 degrees on the rim {2} for each of the Planets,
through the slot place a grease mark at the DEC. and the
body name. Planets wander among the stars, but this
position can be used for about one week.
Stars can be permanently added in the same manner using
SHA as GHA and DEC. Greater than 30 degrees (out side of
the slot) use the other side DEC 180 degrees, lift the ARM
and mark the first letter of the planets on the Star Disk for Your
identification.
The Sun and moon also move among the stars, they can be
placed on the star disk for a short period of time. Using their
GHA and DEC.
An unknown star that you observe, bearing and altitude can
be placed on the star disk for looking up later using the
bodies SHA and DEC. Read off the demonstrator, and
found in an Almanac.
2
<slot Declination
V GHA 43 & S14
local library may have
This year’s ALMANAC.
The internet http://aa.usno
Navy.mil/data has GHA of
Planets and other bodies.
P 21.
ARIES
{1}. ^ 0 Long.
SUN & MOON
ASTRONOMER Instructions.
Set up using the NAUTICAL ALMANAC
{Numbers are places to go to on the Diagram.}
Adding Sun, or Moon to the STAR DISK.
Using the NAUTICAL ALMANAC for the Year,
Month, Day and GREENWITCH TIME. Write the
Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA) and Declination
(DEC).of the SUN or MOON to the nearest whole
degree.)
Enter the Almanac for the day desired. Look on the
almanac for ARIES and the closes to Zero degrees
(5:58.7 at 09) and the Time in whole hours. Write
them on a paper, (09, Time and whole degrees for
GHA & DEC.)
SUN or Moon as desired.
Example , Year 2007, Month & Day May 13, Aries
GMT 0900 {1}GHA 6. with the {2} SUN GHA 316,
DEC N18, MOON 180 S 8 SEE fig. {1}.
Place the star Disk on to the Base Disk and point
the pointer to GHA 6 Degrees, . {1}
Place the TRANSFER ARM on the Star Disk.
Move the pointer on the Transfer Arm to the SUN’S
GHA {2} 316 and mark with a grease pencil the DEC
of N18 & if desired mark the MOON at GHA180 and
DEC.S8.
The Sun and moon also move among the stars, the
Sun can be used for a time, but the MOON will
move out of position daily.
P21A
2007
{1}
{2}
{1}
{2}
O
SUN
{2}
SUN RISE/SET
ASTRONOMER.
INSTRUCTIONS
3 Disks are used, the Base Disk,
The Family of horizons and the
Transfer Arm. The Base disk
carries information, Greenwich
Mean Time & LONGITUDE on
the rim. The Family of Horizons
Disk carries a {1.} LONG.
pointer, and the image of 10
Latitude horizons {2.} with a
Declination Design {3.} The DEC
Design is the sun’s path in dots
labeled in letters, for each
month. of the year.
The Transfer Arm with a slot {4.}
(30 degrees N&S) ending with a
pointer 5. for reading (GMT)
time of the Base Disk. Next
{Numbers are Places on the diagram.}
1
S12.
2
3
2
ASTRONOMER Instructions.
Sun Rise / Set.
{Numbers are Places on the
diagram.}
Place the Family of
Horizons on the Base Disk
and rotate the Longitude
pointer to your
Longitude.72W {1.}
Find your Latitude on the
Family of LAT {2.}
1. 72W
(interpolate if you are
between the LATs.)
2
Horizons
( This is your LONG 72W>
Your LAT will be 35N.)
35N 2
S 13.
Sun Rise/ Sun Set
{Numbers are Places on the
diagram.}
Place the Transfer Arm on the
Family of Horizons and rotate
the Slot {1.} to the
DECLINATION DIAGRAM {2.}
Each Month has dots that
represents months of the year.
For the Month and day desired,
interpolate between the dots for
the Day and mark, with a
grease pencil a mock sun on
the slot inline with the pointer
{3.} “Mock SUN” between A.&S.
Date AUG 06
on the DEC DIAGRAM
2
Month and day place, Mock
Sun
2
S 14.
SUN RISE
{Numbers are Places on the
diagram.}
Rotate the mock sun AUG. 06 on
the Transfer Arm toward the Rise
Family of Horizons. Continue until
the sun touches your Horizon at
Latitude 35N ,as sun rise would
actually do {1.}
Read the time of occurrence on
the outer rim of the Base Disk
using the slot pointer. {2.}
The time is for Greenwich Mean
Time and is 10: + 2 degrees
1
Each degree is 4 minuets
of time.
Sunrise is 10:08 GMT.
1 slot
S 15.
AUG. 06
35N.
35N
2. 23:56 GMT
SUN SET.
V23:56
2
{Numbers are Places on the
diagram.}
Continue Rotating the mock sun
AUG. 06 on the Transfer Arm
toward Sun Set. With the Sun
touching the 35N Horizon, {1.}
read the GMT Time off the Base
Disk as 23 and 14 degrees {2.}
Convert Degrees as Time 56
minutes. Sun Set is 23:56 GMT
Note see GMT to LMT to convert
to Local Time.
S 16.
Slot
Dec. Design
GREAT CIRCLE ASTRONOMER Instruction.
{Numbers are Places on the diagram.}
GREAT CIRCLE.
To find the course or
bearing and shortest
distance between
two places on our
round earth you need
to find the GREAT
CIRCLE (GC) that
runs between the two
places See {2.} and
{4.}
This GC bearing is
also the direction
that is needed for a
directional antenna
for best signal.
G 17.
Place the HORIZON SYSTEM DISK
(HSD) on the BASE DISK 1(BD.)
Instructions.
{Numbers are Places on the diagram.}
The Horizon Disk closest to the
know Latitude 35N {1.}
Is placed on the Base Disk and the
Longitude Arrow is rotated to the
Longitude of you the observer.
This is your LAT 35N & Long 72W
{2.} You
Next
Place the Transfer arm on the
Horizon Disk and rotate the 180
degree pointer to your destination
of LONG 06W {3.} and mark with a
grease pencil at 36 N {4.} along the
pointer latitude line.
This is the LAT & LONG of the
destination {4}. 06W &36N.
G 18.
3
2
Course and Distance.
{Numbers are Places on the
diagram.}
The Course and distance
is from the center {2} + to
the destination dot at {4}.
The
Great Circle Course is
069.
Note. The ALTITUDE
is 37 degrees (above the
horizon) of the right angle
(90) to your overhead +.
Overhead to Horizon= 90
90-37=53Degrees (Zenith
distance.)
There are 60 NM. in each
degree 53x60=
3180Nautical Miles from
2+ to 4. You to
Destination.
X
4
2
G 19.
• Use as a training aid and for radio
direction finding. Not for use for Ship or
Plane navigation. Use Large scale Chart
for safety. ASTRONOMER Information is
for planning and training purpose.
G 20.
ASTRONOMER Instructions.
Greenwich and Local mean TIME
ASTRONOMER Instructions.
GREENWITCH MEAN TIME and LOCAL MEAN TIME...
The Demonstrator Base Disk can enable you to convert Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT) to Local mean time LMT by using Zone Time and Zone
Description.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the time at Greenwich England, and zero
longitude, GMT is used mainly for Sun rise/set and positioning the First
point of Aries, the reference for stars and other celestial bodies.
Local mean time is the time at your central longitude (the closes TZ.)
where you live and the time on your clock.
Zone Time is a multiple of every 15 degrees of longitude (15, 30, 45…)
and labeled with 24 hour military time.
Zone Description is the difference between Greenwich England (12:00)
and where you live your closest labeled Zone Time.
The importance of each is: GMT keeps track of the Celestial bodies.
LMT is your clock that schedules your day and night and places the
sun high in your sky at 12:00 noon.
Your Zone Time is your longitude and is the closes one of the 24 time
numbers on the base Disk.
Zone Description describes the difference between12:00 at GMT and
your longitude Zone Time. It will be + in the West or – in the East
GMT-LMT 22.
Greenwich and Local Mean TIME.
The Base Disk is designed to aid you in this
conversion of time from your LMT to GMT, or
GMT to LMT. See design below. {Numbers are
places to go to}
The outer rim of the Demonstrator Base Disk
is labeled in GMT only and can be read from
Zero degrees of Longitude 12:00 (at
Greenwich) to the left (WEST HEMISPHERE)
from 12:00, clock wise to +00/24. To the right
(EAST HEMISPHERE) from 12:00 counter
clockwise to -00/24.
Example. {Numbers are places to go on the
diagram below}
Question: You are at longitude 72 W
hemisphere. Your longitude {1} 72W, reading
is Zone Time 17:00 on the Base Disk outer rim;
your LMT clock on your shelf reads 10: 03.
You want to convert to GMT? Answer. The
difference between Greenwich 12:00 and your
longitude (72W) 17:00 is plus +5, so Zone
Description is +5.You must add + 5 to your
clock, 10:03 plus +5 =15:03 GMT. Question:
You read off the Demonstrator outer rim the
GMT of Sunset 23:20 {2}. Your longitude is 100
W {3} what would your LMT on your clock
read? Answer. The difference Greenwich 12:00
and your longitude (100 W) 19:00 is plus +7, so
Zone Description is +7. To go from GMT to
LMT you must always reverse the sign and
subtract 7. The GMT off the BD reads 23:20 – 7
hours LMT is16:20.
The Eastern Hemisphere works in the same
way, the difference is that the counter clock
wise longitude would have a zone Time of 72 E
is -5 and 100 E would be a -7.
19
+7
3.100W
+5
GMT LMT 23.
GMT=Greenwich
Mean Time.
KEY:
LMT= Local Mean
Time your Long &
Clock
ZT= Zone Time, one
of 24 hours found by
Long ( the closes
hour to your Long)
ZD= Zone
Description,
difference in hours
from 12:00 to another
Time Zone.
Demonstration Instructions
Greenwich and Local Mean TIME.
GMT=Greenwich
Mean Time.
hh
LMT= Local Mean Time your Long & Clock
ZT= Zone Time, one of 24 hours found by
Long ( the closes hour to your Long)
ZD= Zone Description, difference in hours
from 12:00 to another Time Zone.
<WEST
GMT_LMT 24.
HEMISPHERE
EAST>