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OPIOIDS (A) <5>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2006029820
Authors Sorge R.E. Rajabi H. Stewart J.
Institution
(Sorge, Rajabi, Stewart) Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concorda
University, Montreal, Que., Canada.
(Stewart) Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, SP-A-244, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W.,
Montreal, Que. H4B 1R6, Canada.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Rats maintained chronically on buprenorphine show reduced heroin and cocaine
seeking in tests of extinction and drug-induced reinstatement.
Source
Neuropsychopharmacology. 30(9)(pp 1681-1692), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005.
Abstract
Buprenorphine is being introduced as a maintenance therapy in opioid addiction, but it is not
clear how buprenorphine will affect co-use of cocaine in opioid users. We examined the
effects of chronic buprenorphine (BUP0: 0.0 mg/kg/day; BUP1.5: 1.5 mg/kg/day; BUP3: 3.0
mg/kg/day) on the locomotor activity effects of acute heroin (0.25 mg/kg, subcutaneously
(s.c.)) and cocaine (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)). Buprenorphine had no effect on the
stimulatory effect of heroin, but potentiated the locomotor response to cocaine. To investigate
further the interactions between buprenorphine (BUP1.5 and BUP3), heroin (0.125, 0.25 and
0.375 mg/kg, s.c.), and cocaine (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.), we used in vivo microdialysis and
high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in
the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Buprenorphine attenuated the heroin-induced rise in NAc DA,
but greatly potentiated the cocaine-induced rise. Finally, we examined the potential of the
highest dose of buprenorphine (BUP3) to reduce heroin and cocaine seeking in the presence
of drug-associated cues under extinction conditions and in tests for reinstatement induced by
heroin (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.), cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.), and 15-min footshock stress (0.8 mA, 0.5
s/shock, 40 s mean OFF time) in rats trained to self-administer both drugs. Buprenorphine
reduced heroin and cocaine seeking during extinction and following acute heroin and cocaine
priming injections, but had no effect on stress-induced reinstatement. These results indicate
that the suppression of responding following priming injections of drugs did not result from
reduced motor activity, but possibly from a reduction in the salience of drug-associated cues
induced by chronic buprenorphine treatment. copyright 2005 Nature Publishing Group. All
rights reserved.
ISSN 0893-133X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuropsychopharmacology
Volume 30
Issue Part 9
Page 1681-1692
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Sep 2005
OPIOIDS <15>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005579198
Authors Joseph R. Moselhy H.F.
Institution
(Joseph) Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Lyndon Clinic, Hobs Meadow, Solihull, Birmingham B92 8RW,
United Kingdom.
(Moselhy) Department of Addiction Psychiatry, Sandwell Mental Health NHS and Social Care Trust, West
Bromwich, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
National survey of methadone prescribing for maintenance treatment: 'Opiophobia'
among substance misuse services?
Source
Psychiatric Bulletin. 29(12)(pp 459-461), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
Aims and method: The aims of this study were to describe the characteristics of substance
misuse services prescribing methadone for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence and
to determine the average daily doses of methadone prescribed across England. A postal
questionnaire survey of all substance misuse treatment centres in England was carried out.
Results: A total of 298 treatment centres were identified and contacted, 212 of which
responded to the survey (response rate of 71%). Of these, 157 were prescribing methadone
for maintenance treatment; the majority (71%) were community-based and 125 centres had
doctors attached. The most common formulation of methadone prescription was oral
methadone mixture (152 centres, 97%). The mean daily dose of methadone prescribed was
47 mg. Surprisingly, 37 (24%) of the respondents felt that methadone maintenance treatment
should be time-limited and 21 teams (13%) stated that patients should receive only drug
substitution and no psychosocial interventions. Clinical implications: There is currently a move
among substance misuse services towards community-based treatment. In our survey, the
mean daily dose of methadone prescribed was less than the dosage recommended by the
Department of Health. This suggests that specialist addiction services are continuing to
underprescribe heroin substitutes. The inadequate understanding of some of the respondents
of the basic principles of methadone maintenance treatment also raises concerns, and
highlights the need for further training and education.
ISSN 0955-6036
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Psychiatric Bulletin
Volume 29
Issue Part 12
Page 459-461
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <20>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005568809
Authors Goodwin J.L.R. Kraemer J.J. Bajwa Z.H.
Institution
(Goodwin) P.O. Box 1676, Mount Shasta, CA 96067, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The use of opioids in the treatment of osteoarthritis: When, why, and how?
Source
Current Pain and Headache Reports. 9(6)(pp 390-398), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec
2005.
Abstract
As life expectancy increases every decade, the incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis
(OA) also will increase. Despite progress in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of OA, the
management of OA-mediated pain continues to challenge physicians. Concern regarding the
cardiovascular effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and the gastrointestinal and renal side
effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in general has limited the use of
these medications in the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Appropriately dosed and
monitored use of opioids for OA pain, when more conservative methods have failed, has
potentially fewer life-threatening complications associated with it than the more commonly
and often less successfully employed pharmacotherapeutic approaches to care. When used
as part of a multimodal approach to pain control, opioids are a safe and effective treatment for
joint pain, including that of OA. Patients for whom NSAIDs are contraindicated, or for whom
combined acetaminophen, tramadol, and NSAID therapy is ineffective, may be started on lowdose opioids and titrated as needed and tolerated. Patient education and informed consent,
exercise, complementary medicine, and the use of a controlled substance agreement
increases the likelihood of patient compliance with treatment guidelines, improving functional
capacity and quality of life. Copyright copyright 2005 by Current Science Inc.
ISSN 1531-3433
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Pain and Headache Reports
Volume 9
Issue Part 6
Page 390-398
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <23>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005566624
Authors Raistrick D. West D. Finnegan O. Thistlethwaite G. Brearley R. Banbery J.
Institution
(Raistrick, Finnegan, Thistlethwaite, Brearley, Banbery) Leeds Addiction Unit, Leeds, United Kingdom.
(West) Leeds North-west Primary Care Group, Leeds, United Kingdom.
(Raistrick) 19 Springfield Mount, Leeds LS2 9NG, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
A comparison of buprenorphine and lofexidine for community opiate detoxification:
Results from a randomized controlled trial.
Source
Addiction. 100(12)(pp 1860-1867), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether a buprenorphine opiate detoxification regimen can be
considered to be at least as clinically effective as a lofexidine regimen. Design: An open-label
randomized controlled trial (RCT) using a non-inferiority approach. Non-inferiority is
demonstrated if, within a 95% confidence interval, buprenorphine performs within a preset
tolerance limit of clinically acceptable difference in outcomes and completion rates between
the two treatments. Methods: Individuals ready for heroin detoxification were given
information about the trial and invited to participate. Consenting participants (n = 210) were
then randomized to one of the two treatments. Detoxification was undertaken in a specialist
out-patient clinic according to predefined protocols. The primary outcome was whether or not
an individual completed the detoxification. Abstinence at 1-month follow-up was used as a
secondary outcome measure. Additional secondary outcome measures were substance use,
dependence, psychological health, social satisfaction, and treatment satisfaction. Data were
also collected for individuals who declined randomization and instead chose their treatment (n
= 271). Results: A total of 46% of those on lofexidine and 65% of those on buprenorphine
completed detoxification. Of these, 35.7% of the lofexidine and 45.9% of the buprenorphine
groups reported abstinence at 1 month. Of those not completing detoxification abstinence
was reported at 27.5% and 29.0%, respectively; 271 individuals who opted not to be allocated
randomly and instead chose one of the two treatments produced similar results. Conclusions:
Buprenorphine is at least as effective as lofexidine detoxification treatment. Whether or not
individuals were randomized to, or chose, a treatment appeared not to affect the study's
outcome. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 12
Page 1860-1867
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <26>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005566621
Authors Paterson S. Lintzeris N. Mitchell T.B. Cordero R. Nestor L. Strang J.
Institution
(Paterson, Cordero) Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
(Lintzeris, Mitchell, Nestor, Strang) National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, United
Kingdom.
(Lintzeris) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW,
Australia.
(Lintzeris) C/O National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Validation of techniques to detect illicit heroin use in patients prescribed
pharmaceutical heroin for the management of opioid dependence.
Source
Addiction. 100(12)(pp 1832-1839), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
Background: The clinical implementation and evaluation of heroin substitution programmes
have been confounded by the lack of objective and validated biomarkers for illicit heroin use
in patients prescribed pharmaceutical heroin. This study examined the capacity to detect illicit
heroin use by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of urine samples for
the presence of opium impurities common to illicit, but not pharmaceutical heroin. Aims: To
characterize the diagnostic properties of the metabolites of noscapine and papaverine in
comparison to morphine as a gold-standard marker of illicit heroin use: and to examine the
relationships between the self-reported time since most recent heroin use and the detection of
these opioids in urine. Design: A cross-sectional study of 52 opioid-dependent patients in
treatment (not prescribed heroin), who self-reported illicit heroin use within the preceding 2
weeks. Self-report data regarding recent drug use and a urine sample were collected. GC-MS
analyses of urines were conducted and reported by laboratory staff blinded to self-report data.
Findings: The metabolites of papaverine (hydroxypapaverine and dihydroxypapeverine) were
found to have high sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive values as markers for illicit
heroin use compared to the 'gold-standard' morphine. Other opioids, including 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), codeine and noscapine metabolites (e.g. meconine) were less
adequate in detecting heroin use. Conclusions: GC-MS detection of papaverine metabolites in
urine appears to be suitable method of identifying illicit heroin use for clinical and research
purposes. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 12
Page 1832-1839
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <27>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005566620
Authors Baca C.T. Grant K.J.
Institution
(Baca, Grant) Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), Family and Community Medicine,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
(Baca) 160 Washington SE #62, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Take-home naloxone to reduce heroin death.
Source
Addiction. 100(12)(pp 1823-1831), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
Background: This paper reviews the relevant literature related to the distribution of takehome naloxone. Methods: A Medline search was conducted on articles published between
January 1990 and June 2004 to identify scientific literature relevant to this subject. Those
publications were reviewed, and from them other literature was identified and reviewed.
Results: The prevalence, pathophysiology and circumstances of heroin overdose, and also
bystander response are included in this review. Naloxone peer distribution has been instituted
to varying degrees in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom.
Conclusion: At this point the evidence supporting naloxone distribution is primarily anecdotal,
although promising. Although the distribution of naloxone holds promise for further reducing
heroin overdose mortality, problems remain. Naloxone alone may be insufficient in some
cases to revive the victim, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), especially rescue
breathing, may also be needed. A second dose of naloxone might be necessary.
Complications following resuscitation from overdose may infrequently need in-hospital care.
Mortality from injecting without anyone else present will be unaffected by take-home
naloxone. Take-home naloxone should be studied in a rigorous scientific manner. copyright
2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 12
Page 1823-1831
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <34>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005561578
Authors Jagsch R. Gombas W. Schindler S.-D. Eder H. Moody D.E. Fischer G.
Institution
(Jagsch) Faculty of Psychology, Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
(Gombas) Department of Social Psychiatry, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
(Schindler, Eder, Fischer) Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
(Moody) Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
(Jagsch) Faculty of Psychology, Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitatsstrasse 7, 1010
Vienna, Austria.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Opioid plasma concentrations in methadone- and buprenorphine-maintained patients.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(4)(pp 365-371), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
This is the first trial to compare the relationship of opioid plasma concentrations in
methadone- versus buprenorphine-maintained subjects. Sixty subjects (19 females and 41
males) seeking treatment who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV)
criteria for opioid dependence were recruited and treated at the Drug Addiction Outpatient
Clinic at the University of Vienna. Of these, 44 (11 female and 33 male) were included in the
analyses of plasma concentrations. Subjects received either daily sublingual buprenorphine
(2 mg or 8 mg tablets; maximum daily dose: 8 mg) or oral methadone (racemic R-/Smethadone) and were maintained on a stable dose after an induction period of 2 weeks.
Mean dose and mean plasma concentrations were correlated on an individual and collective
basis. Correlation was 0.51 for buprenorphine, whereas the score for methadone was 0.69.
Intra-individual variation was much higher for buprenorphine (p < 0.0001), while the
concentration-to-dose ratio was very small. Based on the differences of the pharmacokinetics
of blood plasma of the two agents, we tried to explain the differences in the acceptance of
treatment, which was significantly lower in the buprenorphine-maintained group. No such
differences could be evaluated between completers and dropouts in buprenorphinemaintained subjects, neither concerning withdrawal scores nor dose, plasma concentration,
concentration-to-dose ratios or intra-individual variation. copyright Society for the Study of
Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 4
Page 365-371
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <37>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005561575
Authors Moshtaghi-Kashanian G.-R. Esmaeeli F. Dabiri S.
Institution
(Moshtaghi-Kashanian, Esmaeeli, Dabiri) Biochemistry Department, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical
Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Islamic Republic of.
(Moshtaghi-Kashanian) Biochemistry Department, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, POB
444, Kerman, Iran, Islamic Republic of.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Enhanced prolactin levels in opium smokers.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(4)(pp 345-349), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
In Iran, opium is smoked for pleasure or as a medication by some people. It is a complex
mixture of 40 different alkaloids, including morphine and codeine along with many impurities.
Although it is well established that opioids or tobacco affect many physiological functions in
humans, to our knowledge there has been no specific study looking at these effects in opium
smokers. To assess that, we investigated the circulating levels of prolactin, TSH, LH, FSH
and testosterone in male opium smokers who also smoke cigarettes (n = 23, aged 28.4 +/4.1 years), and comparing this with the corresponding values for nicotine abusers (n = 12, 1525 cigarettes/day) or a healthy control group (n = 20) of the same age. Our results showed
that 86.96% of the opium-dependent and 41.67 % of the nicotine-dependent group displayed
high prolactin values (p < 0.002). In addition, there was a positive correlation between the
dose of opium and the plasma prolactin level of opium dependents (p = 0.748, p < 0.001).
Low FSH was detected in 43.48% of the opium smokers and 50% of the cigarette smokers (p
< 0.001) with normal LH and testosterone levels. TSH of the opium smokers was also lower
than that of the other two groups (p < 0.002). In conclusion, the present data indicate that
chronic opium and cigarette smoking may synergistically influence pituitary hormone
production through the effects on neuropeptides produced either locally or systemic. copyright
Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 4
Page 345-349
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <40>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005561572
Authors Miller S.C.
Institution
(Miller) Addiction Services, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States.
(Miller) Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States.
(Miller) Building 302, Addiction Services, VA Medical Center, 4100 W. Third Street, Dayton, OH 45428, United
States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Dextromethorphan psychosis, dependence and physical withdrawal.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(4)(pp 325-327), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005.
Abstract
As part of a synthesis of evidence regarding the abuse and addiction liability of
dextromethorphan (DM), an over-the-counter cough medicine available in over 140
preparations, an uncommonly published case of dextromethorphan dependence (addiction) is
described, with specific, rarely published complications. The individual was interviewed and
several medical databases were also reviewed (Medline, 1966-present; PubMed) for all
content relating to the Keywords: dextromethorphan, abuse, dependence, cough medicine,
addiction, withdrawal, psychosis. The patient evidenced history suggesting substance
dependence, substance-induced psychosis and substance withdrawal in relation to DM. A
literature review revealed that DM has specific serotonergic and sigma-1 opioidergic
properties. Dextrorphan (DOR), the active metabolite of DM, has similar properties; however,
DOR is a weaker sigma opioid receptor agonist, and a stronger NMDA receptor antagonist.
DM and DOR display specific biological features of addiction, and are capable of inducing
specific psychiatric sequelae. A specific, reproducible toxidrome with significant psychiatric
effects occurred, when DM was abused at greater than indicated doses, with more profound
and potentially life-threatening effects at even higher doses. DM withdrawal appears evident.
DM's active metabolite, DOR, has pharmacodynamic properties and intoxication effects
similar to dissociatives, and may be more responsible for the dissociative effect that this DM
abuser sought. However, it is this same metabolite that may be fraught with the potentially
life-threatening psychoses and dissociative-induced accidents, as well as addiction. While DM
has been hypothesized as the most commonly abused dissociative, health-care providers
seem largely unaware of its toxidrome and addiction liability. copyright Society for the Study
of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 4
Page 325-327
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Dec 2005
OPIOIDS <47>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005534445
Authors Pearson E.C. Woosley R.L.
Institution
(Pearson, Woosley) University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, PO Box 245046, Tucson, AZ 85724, United
States.
(Woosley) The Critical Path Institute, 4280 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85718, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
QT prolongation and torsades de pointes among methadone users: Reports to the
FDA spontaneous reporting system.
Source
Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 14(11)(pp 747-753), 2005. Date of Publication:
Nov 2005.
Abstract
Background: Recent case series have associated the synthetic opioid, methadone, with QT
prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP) ventricular arrhythmia. Study objective: To review
and analyze adverse events (QT prolongation and TdP) reported to the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) to determine the patient characteristics, dosages of methadone, and
outcomes of methadone-treated patients. Methods: The study design was a retrieval and
retrospective analysis of reports of adverse events associated with methadone voluntarily
reported to the FDA MedWatch program from 1969 to October 2002. Reports were accessed
via QSCAN (DrugLogic, Reston, VA), a commercially available software interface. Results: In
a total of 5503 reports of adverse events associated with methadone, 43 (0.78%) noted the
occurrence of TdP and 16 (0.29%) QT prolongation. Doses were reported in 42/59 (71 %) of
cases; mean dose was 410 +/- 349 mg/day (median 345, range 29-1680). The dosages for 10
of the 42 cases (29%) were within the recommended range for methadone maintenance
treatment, 60-100 mg/day. Female gender, interacting medications, hypokalemia,
hypomagnesemia, and structural heart disease, risk factors previously identified with other
drugs known to cause TdP, were found in 44 (75%) cases. Most adverse events required
hospitalization or resulted in prolonged hospitalization (28/59, 47%) and 5/59 (8%) were fatal.
Conclusions: Cases of TdP associated with methadone have been reported to the FDA
MedWatch system. Analysis of the cases provides evidence that prolonged QT and TdP can
occur over a wide range of dosages including those usually recommended for addiction
treatment. Copyright copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISSN 1053-8569
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Volume 14
Issue Part 11
Page 747-753
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
TREATMENT / OPIOIDS <55>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005532024
Authors Ling W. Compton P.
Institution
(Ling) Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd.,
Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States.
(Compton) School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Recent advances in the treatment of opiate addiction.
Source
Clinical Neuroscience Research. 5(2-4)(pp 161-167), 2005. Date of Publication: Nov 2005.
Abstract
Advances in the modern treatment of opiate addiction are the result of an evolutionary
process often attributed to the introduction of methadone maintenance in the 1960s. The
underpinnings and the forces that shaped these advances, however, date back to the rise of
the prohibition movement at the turn of the century, which culminated in passage of the
Harrison Narcotic Act, signaling a major shift in US social attitudes towards heroin addicts and
their addiction. Subsequent US social and political attitudes have shaped the course of
treatment practices in parallel with scientific advances and pharmacological developments,
from the establishment of methadone treatment in specialized narcotics treatment clinics to
the introduction of buprenorphine and the concomitant legislative mandate that made it
available to general physicians, reflecting again the current societal attitude. While
pharmacological progress may appear to be related to scientific advancement, the major
driving force behind the direction of treatment development and its implementation into the
treatment community is deeply ingrained in the concurrent evolution of societal attitudes and
political policies. Moreover, the undisputed US dominance in science and politics lends global
impetus to these developments. copyright 2005 Association for Research in Nervous and
Mental Disease. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN 1566-2772
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Clinical Neuroscience Research
Volume 5
Issue Part 2-4
Page 161-167
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
OPIOIDS <62>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005529687
Authors Bryant C.D. Zaki P.A. Carroll F.I. Evans C.J.
Institution
(Bryant, Zaki, Carroll, Evans) Department of Physchiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA NPI, 760 Westwood
Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Opioids and addiction: Emerging pharmaceutical strategies for reducing reward and
opponent processes.
Source
Clinical Neuroscience Research. 5(2-4)(pp 103-115), 2005. Date of Publication: Nov 2005.
Abstract
Conventional strategies for treating opioid abuse include cognitive/ behavioral therapy,
maintenance therapy and managed withdrawal. These strategies deal with the addictive state,
but much effort has shifted toward developing preventative measures. One approach is to
reduce the rewarding properties of abused drugs, which in the case of prescription
pharmaceuticals such as opioid analgesics is clearly a worthwhile endeavor. First, we will
review recent studies demonstrating that mice lacking various G-protein coupled receptors
and their ligands show diminished opioid reward. These studies point to considerable
interdependence among different neuromodulatory systems for establishing drug reward.
Thus, we will highlight the potential for combining opioids with other receptor targets to
maximize analgesia and minimize reward in order to prevent the establishment of euphoric
memories and opponent processes driving addiction. A more complex issue is treating opioid
addicts where many physiological shifts have developed to oppose the acute drug effects.
These opponent processes occur both at the cellular level (e.g. adenylate cyclase
supersensitivity) and behavioral level (e.g. dysphoria and hyperalgesia). Evidence will be
presented showing that even weak opioid agonists can effectively induce the intracellular
process of adenylate cyclase supersensitivity. Furthermore, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, a
behavioral opponent process, may manifest differently depending on the pain stimulus, and
may require a priming drug dose in some cases. Environmental stress interacts with these
opponent processes and drives relapse and thus, is another variable that needs to be
considered in the development of innovative pharmacotherapy options for opioid addicts.
copyright 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Association for Research in Nervous
and Mental Disease.
ISSN 1566-2772
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Clinical Neuroscience Research
Volume 5
Issue Part 2-4
Page 103-115
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
NEURO / OPIOIDS <64>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005529684
Authors Berettimi W.
Institution
(Berettimi) University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, 415 Curie Blvd.,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The human mu opioid receptor gene in addictions.
Source
Clinical Neuroscience Research. 5(2-4)(pp 69-73), 2005. Date of Publication: Nov 2005.
Abstract
This paper will review the evidence that the human mu opioid receptor gene influences risk
for addictions. The structure of the gene will be delineated. Animal model work will be
summarized briefly, indicating what drug addictions might be influenced by the mu opioid
receptor gene. Finally, human genetic studies will be examined. copyright 2005 Association
for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN 1566-2772
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Clinical Neuroscience Research
Volume 5
Issue Part 2-4
Page 69-73
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
OPIOIDS <67>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005528788
Authors
Kalso E. Allan L. Dobrogowski J. Johnson M. Krcevski-Skvarc N. Macfarlane G.J. Mick G. Ortolani S. Perrot S.
Perucho A. Semmons I. Sorensen J.
Institution
(Kalso) Pain Clinic, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
(Allan) Northwick Park Hospital, St. Mark's NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom.
(Dobrogowski) Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
(Johnson) Ashville Medical Centre, Barnsley, United Kingdom.
(Krcevski-Skvarc) Teaching Hospital, Maribor, .
(Macfarlane) School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
(Mick) Pain Centre, Neurological Hospital, Lyon, France.
(Ortolani) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
(Perrot) Rheumatology Department, Hospital Tarnier, Paris, France.
(Perucho) Unidad del Dolor, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
(Semmons) Action on Pain, Norfolk, United Kingdom.
(Sorensen) Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Do strong opioids have a role in the early management of back pain?
Recommendations from a European expert panel.
Source
Current Medical Research and Opinion. 21(11)(pp 1819-1828), 2005. Article Number:
3159. Date of Publication: Nov 2005.
Abstract
Background: Since chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a complex biopsychosocial problem the
ideal treatment is multimodal and multidisciplinary. However, in many countries, primary-care
physicians care for many people with CLBP and have a pivotal role in selecting patients for
more intensive treatments when these are available. Guidelines on the general use of strong
opioids in chronic non-cancer pain have been published but, until now, no specific guidelines
were available on their use in chronic low back pain. Given the prevalence of CLBP, and the
complex nature of this multifactorial condition, it was felt that specific, evidence-based
recommendations, with a focus on primary-care treatment, would be helpful. Methods: An
expert panel drawn from across Europe including pain specialists, anaesthetists, neurologists,
rheumatologists, a general practitioner, an epidemiologist and the chairman of a pain charity
was therefore convened. The aim of the group was to develop evidence-based
recommendations that could be used as a framework for more specific guidelines to reflect
local differences in the availability of specialist pain services and in the legal status and
availability of strong opioids. Statements were based on published evidence (identified by a
literature search) wherever possible, and supported by clinical experience when suitable
evidence was lacking. Recommendations: Strong opioids have a role in the treatment of low
back pain when other treatments have failed. They should be prescribed as part of a
multimodal, and ideally interdisciplinary, treatment plan. The aim of treatment should be to
relieve pain and facilitate rehabilitation. copyright 2005 Librapharm Limited.
ISSN 0300-7995
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Medical Research and Opinion
Volume 21
Issue Part 11
Page 1819-1828
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
OPIOIDS <69>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005525069
Authors
Spiga S. Puddu M.C. Pisano M. Diana M.
Institution
(Spiga, Puddu) Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
(Pisano, Diana) G. Minardi Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Sassari,
Via Muroni n. 23, Sassari, Italy.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Morphine withdrawal-induced morphological changes in the nucleus accumbens.
Source
European Journal of Neuroscience. 22(9)(pp 2332-2340), 2005. Date of Publication: Nov
2005.
Abstract
Morphine withdrawal produces a hypofunction of mesencephalic dopamine neurons that
impinge upon medium spiny neurons (MSN) of the forebrain. After chronic treatment (from 20
to 140 mg/kg of morphine twice a day over 14 days at escalating doses) rats were withdrawn
from chronic morphine spontaneously and pharmacologically. In these two distinct conditions
we studied the effects of withdrawal on the morphology of MSN of the core and shell of the
nucleus accumbens (Nacc). MSN were stained with the Golgi-Cox procedure and analysed
by a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM). Our analysis shows that, shell and core
MSN differed significantly for perikarya size and spine density, and the various morphine
treatments did not affect the perikarya morphometry. Both spontaneous and naloxoneinduced withdrawal produced a similar reduction in spine density in MS shell neurons, as
compared with MS core neurons. This effect is selectively localized at the level of second
order dendritic trunks where afferents converge. By contrast, spine density counts of
accumbens MSN from rats chronically treated with morphine, did not reveal any change.
Collectively, the results of the present study are twofold: (i) spontaneous and
pharmacologically precipitated withdrawal, but not chronic morphine per se, affects spine
density of target structures of a reduced mesolimbic dopamine transmission, and (ii) the
reduction of spine density in second order dendritic trunks is selectively segregated in the
MSN of the shell of the Nacc. In conclusion, morphine withdrawal dramatically alters spine
density, selectively in second order dendritic trunks of Nacc shell MSN, thereby further
impoverishing the already abated dopamine (DA) transmission. This is in line with recent
views suggesting the hypodopaminergic state as a cardinal feature of opioid dependence.
copyright Federation of European Neuroscience Societies.
ISSN 0953-816X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name European Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 22
Issue Part 9
Page 2332-2340
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
OPIOIDS <89>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005508931
Authors Doran C.M.
Institution
(Doran) School of Population Health, School of Economics, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD
4006, Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Buprenorphine, buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone maintenance: A costeffectiveness analysis.
Source
Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 5(5)(pp 583-591), 2005.
Date of Publication: Oct 2005.
Abstract
The use of heroin in Australia results in disproportionate harm. Although the evidence
suggests that a relatively low proportion of the population aged 14 years and over have ever
used (1.4%) heroin or have used it in the past 12 months (0.2%), heroin use remains a
significant cause of death, injury, illness and social harm. Research demonstrates that being
in treatment leads to less heroin use, lowered mortality rates and reduced crime.
Pharmacotherapy treatment in Australia involves methadone and buprenorphine. Trial data
used by Doran and colleagues are used in the current analysis to extend the original analysis
of methadone versus low-dose buprenorphine to include high-dose buprenorphine and the
buprenorphine-naloxone combination in the maintenance of heroin dependence. Adopting a
provider perspective suggests that the observed difference between the cost-effectiveness of
methadone and the other treatments was not statistically significant, indicating that high-dose
buprenorphine and the buprenorphine/naloxone combination can provide a viable alternative
to methadone in the treatment of heroin dependence. Wider treatment choices provide
greater potential to recruit a larger proportion of regular dependent users and retain them in
treatment for longer. The forthcoming introduction of buprenorphine/naloxone to Australia
provides an exciting opportunity to enhance the treatment of heroin dependence in this
country. copyright 2005 Future Drugs Ltd.
ISSN 1473-7167
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
Volume 5
Issue Part 5
Page 583-591
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS <93>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005490734
Authors Rathod N.H. Addenbrooke W.M. Rosenbach A.F.
Institution
(Rathod, Addenbrooke) Society of Analytical Psychology, London, United Kingdom.
(Rosenbach) Commission for Social Care Inspection, London, United Kingdom.
(Rathod) Corsletts Farm, Horsham, West Sussex RHI2 3LD, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Heroin dependence in an English town: 33-Year follow-up.
Source
British Journal of Psychiatry. 187(NOV.)(pp 421-425), 2005. Date of Publication: Nov 2005.
Abstract
Background: There has been no long-term study of people addicted to injected heroin who
have been treated without the prescribing of substitute opioids. Aims: To investigate the
outcome for patients treated for injected heroin addiction 33 years after they were first seen,
and 26 years after they were first followed up, in terms of sustained abstinence, continuing
maintenance on methadone and deaths. Method: Eighty-six people with heroin addiction first
seen in 1966-1967 in a small town in the south-east of England were located and their clinical
state assessed using multiple sources, including personal interviews with a proportion of the
cohort. Results: Forty-two per cent of the cohort had been abstinent for at least 10 years; 10%
were taking methadone and were classified as addicted; and 22% had died. Eight percent of
the cohort could not be located. Conclusions: Results proved favourable in the above three
parameters compared with other long-term studies.
ISSN 0007-1250
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name British Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 187
Issue Part NOV.
Page 421-425
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Nov 2005
OPIOIDS <99>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005478278
Authors Devulder J. Richarz U. Nataraja S.H.
Institution
(Devulder) Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Clinic, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000,
Belgium.
(Richarz) European Medical Affairs Director Analgesia, Janssen-Cilag EMEA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse,
Belgium.
(Nataraja) Dianthus Medical Limited, Lombard Business Park, 8 Lombard Road, London SW19 3TZ, United
Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Impact of long-term use of opioids on quality of life in patients with chronic, nonmalignant pain.
Source
Current Medical Research and Opinion. 21(10)(pp 1555-1566), 2005. Article Number:
3144. Date of Publication: Oct 2005.
Abstract
Objective: The use of opioids in the management of non-malignant pain remains
controversial. For many physicians, pain relief stemming from opioid use is not enough unless
there Is also a noticeable change in quality of life (QoL) and patient functioning. The impact of
long-term opioid treatment on patients' QoL has been investigated in a limited number of
trials, and these studies differ considerably with respect to their design and principal findings.
This systematic review presents the results of these studies. Design and methods: MEDLINE
(1966 to November/December 2004), EMBASE (1974 to November/December 2004), the
Oxford Pain Relief Database (Bandolier; 1954-1994) and the Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for relevant papers by combining search terms
for function with terms for opioid analgesia, non-malignant and pain. Studies were eligible for
inclusion if they met all of the pre-defined criteria specifying study design, population,
intervention and outcome measures. Results: Eleven studies evaluated long-term treatment
with opioids in patients with chronic, non-malignant pain and assessed QoL (N = 2877). Six
studies were randomised trials and the remaining five were observational studies. In general,
the former had higher Jadad rating scores for the quality of the paper than the latter. Of the
four randomised studies in which baseline QoL was reported, three showed an improvement
in QoL. Similarly, of the five observational studies, a significant improvement in QoL was
reported in four. Conclusions: There is both moderate/high- and low-quality evidence
suggesting that long-term treatment with opioids can lead to significant improvements in
functional outcomes, including QoL, in patients with chronic, non-malignant pain. However,
further methodologically rigorous investigations are required to confirm the long-term QoL
benefit of opioid treatment in these patients, and to elucidate the effect of physical tolerance,
withdrawal and addiction, which are all associated with long-term use of opioids, on patients'
functional status. copyright 2005 Librapharm Limited.
ISSN 0300-7995
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Medical Research and Opinion
Volume 21
Issue Part 10
Page 1555-1566
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <102>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005471142
Authors Georges F. Caille S. Vouillac C. Le Moine C. Stinus L.
Institution
(Georges, Caille, Vouillac, Le Moine, Stinus) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de
Recherche 5541 'Interactions Neuronales et Comportements', Universite Victor Segalen, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076
Bordeaux Cedex, France.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Role of imidazoline receptors in the anti-aversive properties of clonidine during opiate
withdrawal in rats.
Source
European Journal of Neuroscience. 22(7)(pp 1812-1816), 2005. Date of Publication: Oct
2005.
Abstract
Clonidine is used as a treatment for heroin addiction. Previous studies have reported that
clonidine attenuated conditioned place aversion (CPA) to naloxone-precipitated opiate
withdrawal by acting on alpha2 adrenoceptors (alpha2R). However, clonidine acts as a partial
agonist both at alpha2R and at imidazoline-1 receptors (I1Rs). The current study was
designed to determine the role of I1R in the induction of naloxone-induced CPA in morphinedependent rats. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of
morphine pellets. Morphine-dependent rats were tested in a three-chamber place-aversion
apparatus. A range of agonists were chosen on the basis of their differential selectivity for
alpha2R and I1R. As expected, pretreatment with clonidine prevented naloxone-induced
CPA. By contrast, pretreatment with a selective alpha2R agonist (UK14304) failed to prevent
the CPA. We then tested whether the high affinity of clonidine for I1R was responsible for the
difference between these two alpha2R agonists. Rilmenidine (a mixed alpha2R/I1R agonist)
attenuated aversion to opiate withdrawal in a dose-dependent manner. The action of clonidine
on I1R was studied by co-administering clonidine with RX821002, a specific alpha2R
antagonist. Co-treatment with RX821002 and clonidine blocked naloxone-induced CPA.
These results indicate that the pharmacologically protective effects of clonidine on naloxoneinduced CPA are related to actions on I1RS as well as alpha2Rs. copyright Federation of
European Neuroscience Societies.
ISSN 0953-816X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name European Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 22
Issue Part 7
Page 1812-1816
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS <116>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005461777
Authors Smyth B.P. Barry J. Lane A. Cotter M. O'Neill M. Quinn C. Keenan E.
Institution
(Smyth, Cotter, Quinn, Keenan) AIDS/Drugs Service, Cherry Orchard Hospital, Dublin 10, Ireland.
(Barry) Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
(Lane) St. Patrick's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
(O'Neill) Baggot Street Clinic, Dublin 4, Ireland.
(Smyth) Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
In-patient treatment of opiate dependence: Medium-term follow-up outcomes.
Source
British Journal of Psychiatry. 187(OCT.)(pp 360-365), 2005. Date of Publication: Oct 2005.
Abstract
Background: The outcome for opiate-dependent patients seeking abstinence is unclear in
this era of improved access to methadone maintenance. Aims: To measure the outcome 2-3
years after in-patient treatment. Method: Opiate-dependent patients admitted with a goal of
abstinence were followed-up. A structured interview examined drug use and treatment in the
preceding month. Results: Five patients had died and 109 (76%) of the remaining 144 were
interviewed. Fifty per cent (54 patients) reported recent opiate misuse and 57% (62) were on
methadone maintenance. Twenty-three per cent (25 patients) were abstinent (i.e. neither
using opiates nor on methadone maintenance). Abstinence was significantly associated with
completion of the 6-week in-patient treatment programme and attendance at out-patient aftercare, and negatively associated with a family history of substance misuse. Conclusions:
Abstinence remains an attainable goal. As the principal influence on outcome was treatment
adherence, inpatient services should seek to enhance rates of programme completion. Aftercare should be provided to patients. We caution against use of pre-treatment patient
characteristics as criteria for prioritising access to in-patient treatment.
ISSN 0007-1250
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name British Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 187
Issue Part OCT.
Page 360-365
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS <123>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005461707
Authors Donny E.C. Brasser S.M. Bigelow G.E. Stitzer M.L. Walsh S.L.
Institution
(Donny, Bigelow, Stitzer, Walsh) Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
(Brasser) Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis,
TN, United States.
(Walsh) Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 43 Maxwelton Court, Lexington, KY 405060350, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Methadone doses of 100 mg or greater are more effective than lower doses at
suppressing heroin self-administration in opioid-dependent volunteers.
Source
Addiction. 100(10)(pp 1496-1509), 2005. Date of Publication: Oct 2005.
Abstract
Aims: Methadone maintenance has been an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of
heroin dependence for nearly four decades. Recent clinical research suggests that
methadone doses larger than those used in most clinics are more effective at suppressing
illicit heroin use. This greater efficacy may result from greater cross-tolerance to the
reinforcing effects of heroin. Design: The purpose of this double-blind, within-subject study
was to examine the relationship between methadone maintenance dose and the reinforcing
effects of heroin. Setting: Participants were stabilized on 50, 100 and 150 mg methadone
(ascending order) during separate outpatient periods before being admitted to an inpatient
research unit for testing at each maintenance dose. Participants: Five opiate-dependent
volunteers completed the study. Measurements: During each 4-week inpatient testing period,
participants sampled three doses of heroin (0, 10, or 20 mg; random order; one dose per
week) and were subsequently allowed seven opportunities to choose between another
injection of that week's heroin dose and varying amounts of money ($2-38). Findings: The
number of heroin injections chosen decreased as methadone dose was increased. Larger
alternative monetary reinforcers were required to suppress heroin self-administration during
maintenance on 50 compared to 100 or 150 mg methadone. Larger methadone doses also
completely blocked the subjective effects of heroin and produced greater withdrawal
suppression during the outpatient periods. Conclusions: These results support other clinical
and laboratory-based research indicating that persistent heroin use may be reduced by
providing larger methadone maintenance doses that produce more effective cross-tolerance
to heroin. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 10
Page 1496-1509
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS <132>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005460848
Authors Swain J.E. Mayes L.C. Leckman J.F.
Institution
(Swain, Mayes, Leckman) Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United
States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Endogenous and exogenous opiates modulate the development of parent-infant
attachment.
Source
Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 28(3)(pp 364-365), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
In addition to endogenously produced opiates, which are part of normal affiliative
neurocircuitry and attachment formation, exogenous opiates - such as drugs of addiction and
abuse - may affect affiliation. We consider possible modulatory effects of such exogenous
opiates on the development of early parent-infant attachment from both parents' and infants'
perspectives. copyright 2005 Cambridge University Press.
ISSN 0140-525X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Volume 28
Issue Part 3
Page 364-365
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <153>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005423270
Authors Dickson D.J.
Institution
(Dickson) James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.
(Dickson) Langbaurgh Primary Care Trust, Guisborough, Cleveland, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Opioids for non-operable osteoarthritis and soft-tissue rheumatism.
Source
Arthritis Research and Therapy. 7(5)(pp 193-194), 2005. Date of Publication: Oct 2005.
Abstract
Reviews of oral opioid trials have shown that many side-effects need to be considered when
treating patients with non-operable osteoarthritis and soft-tissue problems. European and
American guidelines recommend their use with or without paracetamol. The controversy
surrounding the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors is
limiting physician and patient choices. There is a great need for alternative medication or
ways of using current compounds. copyright 2005 BioMed Central Ltd.
ISSN 1478-6354
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Arthritis Research and Therapy
Volume 7
Issue Part 5
Page 193-194
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS <161>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005419160
Authors Carnwath T.
Institution
(Carnwath) County Durham Addiction Service, Darlington, United Kingdom.
(Carnwath) West Park Hospital, West Auckland Rd, Darlington, DL3 0UX, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Prescribing heroin.
Source
American Journal on Addictions. 14(4)(pp 311-318), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005.
Abstract
Recent UK guidelines support the prescription of injectable heroin and methadone for opiate
dependence, but many doctors disagree. Heroin has been prescribed in England for almost a
hundred years, and the "British system" was once the subject of international curiosity. Since
1965, a prescriber licensing system has led to a great reduction in the proportion of opiate
addicts treated with heroin. Recent trials in Switzerland and the Netherlands have prompted a
review of British practice. It will probably remain somewhat different from continental practice,
particularly with respect to long-term supervised injecting, but without adequate funding it may
disappear altogether. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.
ISSN 1055-0496
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name American Journal on Addictions
Volume 14
Issue Part 4
Page 311-318
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS <165>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005416501
Authors Jia S.W. Wang W. Liu Y. Wu Z.M.
Institution
(Jia) Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, China.
(Wang) Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
(Wang) School of the Public Health and Community Medicine, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing,
China.
(Wang) Centre for Human Genetics, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
(Liu) School of Pharmacy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia.
(Wu) Shenzhen Civil Life Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
(Wang) Department of Biology, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yue Quan Road,
Beijing 100039, China.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Neuroimaging studies of brain corpus striatum changes among heroin-dependent
patients treated with herbal medicine, U'finer[trademark] capsule.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(3)(pp 293-297), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005.
Abstract
Chronic exposure to heroin is associated with structural changes in dopaminergic (DA)
neurones. The present study examined the effects of a new herbal medicine,
U'finer[trademark] capsule, on the brain corpus striatum and DA systems, comparing pre- and
post- treatment in 36 heroin-dependent patients. Neuroimaging studies were performed by
using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with <sup>99m</sup>TcTRODAT-1 as radiotracer. The results show that U'finer[trademark] significantly repaired the
damaged bilateral corpus striatum, restoring it to a 'panda eye' shape, analogous in size and
shape to that of the healthy volunteers. DA transporter (DAT) junction in the bilateral corpus
striatum was restored to a normal state after recovery from neurotoxic insult. These findings
suggest that U'finer[trademark] is a reliable herbal medicine in the treatment of heroin
dependency copyright Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 3
Page 293-297
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Sep 2005
OPIOIDS <168>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005416498
Authors Gerra G. Garofano L. Pellegrini C. Bosari S. Zaimovic A. Moi G. Avanzini P. Talarico E. Gardini F. Donnini
C.
Institution
(Gerra, Zaimovic, Moi) Centro Studi Farmaco-Tossicodipendenze, Ser.T., AUSL, Parma, Italy.
(Garofano) Reparto Carabinien Investigazioni Scientifiche (RIS), Parma, Italy.
(Pellegrini, Bosari) Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Universita degli Studi di Milano,
(Avanzini, Talarico) Servizio Immuno-Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Universita di Parma, Parma,
Italy.
(Gardini) Clinica Medica, Nefrologia e Scienza della Prevenzione, Universita di Parma, Parma, Italy.
(Donnini) Dipartimento di Genetica Antropologia Evoluzione, Universita di Parma, Parma, Italy.
(Gerra) National Department on Drug Policy, Via Quintino Sella, 69, 00187 Roma, Italy.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Allelic association of a dopamine transporter gene polymorphism with antisocial
behaviour in heroin-dependent patients.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(3)(pp 275-281), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005.
Abstract
Polymorphism of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the 3' untranslated region
of exon 15 of the SLC6A3 gene, coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT), was analysed to
test whether length variation contributes to differences in the individual susceptibility to
aggressive - criminal behaviour and liability to heroin dependence. The repeat number of the
DAT polymorphism was assessed in 125 healthy subjects and 104 heroin-dependent subjects
(including 52 addicted individuals with violent behaviour and criminal records). There was no
significant difference in the frequencies of genotypes and atteles between heroin-dependent
subjects and control subjects. On the contrary, there was a significant difference between
offenders and non-offenders, p = 0.004 and p = 0.002, respectively, among heroin-dependent
subjects. No association was found between DAT polymorphism and history of suicide. BussDurkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) mean total scores were significantly higher in heroin addicts
than in controls (p < 0.001) and in antisocial-violent heroin addicts in comparison with
addicted individuals without antisocial behaviour (p < 0.005). The regression analysis of BDHI
subscales, performed to provide an estimate of the magnitude of any potential effect on the
risk of aggressiveness associated with the variants in DAT VNTR, showed that the presence
of the 9-9 genotype significantly increases the risk of irritability and direct aggressiveness
more than six and 10 times with respect to the 9-10 genotype. Our findings suggest that the
9-repeat attele of the DAT polymorphism confers increased susceptibility to antisocial-violent
behaviour and aggressiveness, rather than drug dependence per se in heroin-dependent
males. copyright Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 3
Page 275-281
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Sep 2005
OPIOIDS <176>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005412766
Authors Li L. Lu G. Yao H. Zhao Y. Feng Z. Yew D.T.
Institution
(Li, Yao, Zhao) Department of Forensic Pathology, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China.
(Lu, Feng) Department of Neurosurgery, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China.
(Lu, Yew) Department of Anatomy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
(Yew) Department of Anatomy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Postmortem changes in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla of the heroin
addicts.
Source
International Journal of Neuroscience. 115(10)(pp 1443-1449), 2005. Date of Publication:
Oct 2005.
Abstract
This study describes the pathological changes in 20 heroin addicts (12 male and 8 female)
autopsied 24 h after sudden death. The central nervous system (including the pituitary body)
and the adrenal medulla were studied, along with those from age-matched controls who died
from traffic accidents. Immunohistochemistry and histological (Hematoxylin and eosin)
observation were performed. Some neuronal cells in every region of the CNS were positive
for opioid receptors but these cells were most numerous in the hippocampus. Positive opioid
fibers were most abundant in the basal ganglia region. Histopathology indicated coagulative
changes of cytoplasm and dissolution of Nissl bodies of neuron. Edema of nerve fibers was
frequently demonstrated. Pituitary body showed an evident decrease or even absence of
basophils in the pars anterior. The adrenal medulla featured a down regulation of chromaffin
granules. Degeneration of CNS neurons and fibers, alterations in hormonal and blood
pressure regulation therefore would be the prime targets of heroin addiction in human
subjects. Copyright copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Inc.
ISSN 0020-7454
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name International Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 115
Issue Part 10
Page 1443-1449
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Oct 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <194>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005395374
Authors Chieng B.C.H. Hallberg C. Nyberg F.J. Christie M.J.
Institution
(Chieng, Christie) Pain Management Research Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St
Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
(Hallberg, Nyberg) Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Enhanced c-Fos in periaqueductal grey GABAergic neurons during opioid withdrawal.
Source
NeuroReport. 16(12)(pp 1279-1283), 2005. Date of Publication: 22 Aug 2005.
Abstract
The ventrolateral subdivision of periaqueductal grey is crucial for expression of opioid
withdrawal signs. Previous investigations suggest that interneurons rather than the medullary
projecting output neurons in this midbrain region are hyperexcited during opioid withdrawal. In
the present study, transgenic mice with glutamic acid decarboxylase-containing neurons
coupled to enhanced green fluorescent protein expression were used as a marker for
GABAergic neurons and for studying opioid withdrawal. We found that these transgenic mice
exhibited a full range of opioid withdrawal signs on abrupt cessation of chronic opioid action.
Consistent with previous studies, c-Fos expression was also robustly enhanced (two-fold) in
the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey. Furthermore, about one third (30%) of glutamic acid
decarboxylase-containing neurons coupled to enhanced green fluorescent protein in the
ventrolateral periaqueductal grey were stained c-Fos positive (i.e. a four-fold increase from
control mice). These results indicate hyperexcitation of GABAergic neurons in the
ventrolateral periaqueductal grey during opioid withdrawal. copyright 2005 Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins.
ISSN 0959-4965
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name NeuroReport
Volume 16
Issue Part 12
Page 1279-1283
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication 22 Aug 2005
OPIOIDS <197>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005393213
Authors Wang H.-Y. Friedman E. Olmstead M.C. Burns L.H.
Institution
(Wang, Friedman) Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, 138th
Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, United States.
(Olmstead) Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada.
(Burns) Pain Therapeutics, Inc., 416 Browning Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Ultra-low-dose naloxone suppresses opioid tolerance, dependence and associated
changes in mu opioid receptor-G protein coupling and Gbetagamma signaling.
Source
Neuroscience. 135(1)(pp 247-261), 2005. Date of Publication: 2005.
Abstract
Opiates produce analgesia by activating mu opioid receptor-linked inhibitory G protein
signaling cascades and related ion channel interactions that suppress cellular activities by
hyperpolarization. After chronic opiate exposure, an excitatory effect emerges contributing to
analgesic tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Ultra-low-dose opioid antagonist cotreatment blocks the excitatory effects of opiates in vitro, as well as opioid analgesic tolerance
and dependence, as was demonstrated here with ultra-low-dose naloxone combined with
morphine. While the molecular mechanism for the excitatory effects of opiates is unclear, a
switch in the G protein coupling profile of the mu opioid receptor and adenylyl cyclase
activation by Gbetagamma have both been suggested. Using CNS regions from rats
chronically treated with vehicle, morphine, morphine+ultra-low-dose naloxone or ultra-lowdose naloxone alone, we examined whether altered mu opioid receptor coupling to G proteins
or adenylyl cyclase activation by Gbetagamma occurs after chronic opioid treatment. In
morphine-naive rats, mu opioid receptors coupled to Go in striatum and to both Gi and Go in
periaqueductal gray and spinal cord. Although chronic morphine decreased Gi/o coupling by
mu opioid receptors, a pronounced coupling to Gs emerged coincident with a Gbetagamma
interaction with adenylyl cyclase types II and IV. Co-treatment with ultra-low-dose naloxone
attenuated both the chronic morphine-induced Gs coupling and the Gbetagamma signaling to
adenylyl cyclase, while increasing Gi/o coupling toward or beyond vehicle control levels.
These findings provide a molecular mechanism underpinning opioid tolerance and
dependence and their attenuation by ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists. copyright 2005 IBRO.
Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4522
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuroscience
Volume 135
Issue Part 1
Page 247-261
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <205>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005377617
Authors Shoblock J.R. Wichmann J. Maidment N.T.
Institution
(Shoblock, Maidment) Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,
CA 90024, United States.
(Wichmann) Discovery Chemistry, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland.
(Shoblock) UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The effect of a systemically active ORL-1 agonist, Ro 64-6198, on the acquisition,
expression, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference.
Source
Neuropharmacology. 49(4)(pp 439-446), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005.
Abstract
ORL-1 agonists have been proposed as potential therapeutics for substance abuse based
on their propensity to counter the effects of mu opioid agonists in several systems, and to
inhibit mesolimbic dopamine release, while mostly being devoid of aversive properties. In
support of this, ORL-1 agonists have been shown to block the acquisition of morphine
conditioned place preference (CPP). We investigated the effect of Ro 64-6198, a systemically
active ORL-1 agonist, on the acquisition, expression, extinction, and reinstatement of
morphine (20 mg/kg, s.c.) CPP in C57BL6/J mice. Similar to effects obtained with
nociceptin/orphanin FQ, Ro 64-6198 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the acquisition of morphine CPP
when given 15 min prior to each drug and vehicle conditioning session. This effect was not
due to state dependent learning, since when tested again in the presence of Ro 64-6198 or
vehicle no CPP was observed. Administration of Ro 64-6198 (0.3 or 1 mg/kg, i.p.) on the test
day alone, in a separate group of animals, failed to block the expression of morphine CPP.
Another group of mice was conditioned to morphine to develop CPP, and then exposed to the
CPP chambers in the absence of drug once a day for 30 min to extinguish the CPP. Ro 646198 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) given 15 min prior to each session during extinction did not affect the rate
of extinction. Finally, another group was conditioned to morphine, their CPP extinguished and
subsequently reinstated by a priming injection of morphine (20 mg/kg, s.c.). Ro 64-6198 (1
mg/kg, i.p.), given 15 min prior to the priming injection, blocked reinstatement of morphine
CPP. These results suggest that Ro 64-6198's effects may be limited to attenuation of the
acute rewarding effects of morphine. copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0028-3908
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuropharmacology
Volume 49
Issue Part 4
Page 439-446
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Sep 2005
OPIOIDS <216>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005359310
Authors Longshore D. Annon J. Anglin M.D. Rawson R.A.
Institution
(Longshore, Annon, Anglin, Rawson) Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and
Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
(Longshore) Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1640 S. Sepulveda Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) versus methadone: Treatment retention and
opiate use.
Source
Addiction. 100(8)(pp 1131-1139), 2005. Date of Publication: Aug 2005.
Abstract
Aims: To compare the effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) and methadone
maintenance (MM) on treatment retention and abstinence from opiate use. Design: A twogroup experimental design with patients randomly assigned (2:1 LAAM: MM) to receive LAAM
(three doses per week) or methadone (daily dosing). Setting: A community clinic in Los
Angeles, California. Participants: A total of 315 patients seeking LAAM or methadone
maintenance. Intervention: LAAM or methadone maintenance, plus ancillary services
available to all patients. LAAM and methadone dose levels varied according to clinical
judgement. Electrocardiograms were administered to LAAM patients monthly. Measurements:
Treatment status at 26-week follow-up and number of days retained in treatment, weekly
clinical urine tests and 26-week research urine test. Findings: LAAM and methadone patients
did not differ on treatment retention. LAAM patients were less likely to test positive for opiate
use during treatment (40% versus 60%) and at 26-week follow up (39.8% versus 60.2%).
Benefits of LAAM were confined to patients (n = 204) still in treatment at 26 weeks (33%
positive in patients receiving LAAM and 61% in patients receiving methadone). No adverse
events, cardiological or otherwise, were observed with LAAM administration. Conclusions:
LAAM is an effective medication for the treatment of opiate dependence with clinical
advantages due not only to the reduction of opiate use but also to the alternate-day dosing
schedule. LAAM may be more effective than methadone in promoting abstinence from opiate
use among patients for whom LAAM is an acceptable alternative to methadone. copyright
2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 8
Page 1131-1139
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Aug 2005
OPIOIDS <218>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005359308
Authors Smithson M. McFadden M. Mwesigye S.-E.
Institution
(Smithson) School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
(McFadden, Mwesigye) Australian Federal Police, Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Impact of Federal drug law enforcement on the supply of heroin in Australia.
Source
Addiction. 100(8)(pp 1110-1120), 2005. Date of Publication: Aug 2005.
Abstract
Aims: To conduct an empirical investigation of the efficacy of law enforcement in reducing
heroin supply in Australia. Specifically, this paper addresses the question of whether heroin
purity levels in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) could be predicted by heroin seizures at
the national level by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) in the preceding year. Design: We
considered two forms of evidence. First, a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
change-point model was used to discover (a) if there was a substantial increase in heroin
seizures by the AFP, (b) when the increase began and (c) whether it occurred after increased
funding to the Australian Federal Police for the purpose of drug law enforcement. Second,
standard time-series methods were used to ascertain whether fluctuations in heroin seizure
weights or the frequency of large-scale seizures after the aforementioned changes in seizure
levels predicted fluctuations in heroin purity levels in the ACT after autocorrelation had been
removed from the purity series. Findings: A Bayesian MCMC change-point model supported
the hypothesis that heroin seizures rapidly increased about a year before the estimated
decline in heroin purity and after the increased funding of AFP. The autoregression models
suggested that 10-20% of the variance in the residuals of the heroin purity series was
predicted by appropriately lagged residuals of the seizure-number and log-weight series, after
autocorrelation had been removed. Conclusion: The overall results are consistent with the
hypothesis that large-scale heroin seizures by the AFP reduce street-level heroin supply a
year or so later, although the short-term dynamics suggest an 'opponent' response to residual
fluctuations in seizures. To our knowledge, this is first time a connection has been identified
between large-scale heroin seizures and street-level supply. copyright 2005 Society for the
Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 8
Page 1110-1120
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Aug 2005
OPIOIDS <219>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005359307
Authors Eder H. Jagsch R. Kraigher D. Primorac A. Ebner N. Fischer G.
Institution
(Eder, Kraigher, Primorac, Ebner, Fischer) Addiction Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Vienna,
Austria.
(Jagsch) Institute for Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria.
(Fischer) Addiction Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Wahringer Gurtel 18-20, A-1090
Vienna, Austria.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Comparative study of the effectiveness of slow-release morphine and methadone for
opioid maintenance therapy.
Source
Addiction. 100(8)(pp 1101-1109), 2005. Date of Publication: Aug 2005.
Abstract
Aims: Slow-release morphine may represent a much-needed new pharmacological
treatment for opioid dependence. Design: In a 14-week randomized, double-blind, doubledummy, cross-over study oral slow-release morphine was compared with methadone as a
treatment for opioid dependency. During two study periods, each consisting of a 1-week
titration and a 6-week fixed-dose treatment phase, medication was administered daily under
supervised conditions. Setting: The study was carried out at the Addiction Clinic, Department
of Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna. Participants: Sixty-four subjects (56 males, eight
females) with opioid dependence participated in the trial. Measurements: Efficacy was
evaluated on the basis of retention, use of illicit substances based on urinalysis, extent of
drug cravings, withdrawal symptoms and general wellbeing. Safety was assessed on the
basis of adverse events and clinical and physical examination. Demographic and baseline
characteristics were assessed using the European Addiction Severity Index. Findings: Fiftyfive patients (86%) completed the study, with a mean methadone dose of 85 mg and a mean
slow-release morphine dose of 680 mg. No significant differences in retention or use of illicit
substances (opioids, benzodiazepines, cocaine) were observed, irrespective of treatment
group or medication. However, patients receiving slow-release morphine had significantly
lower depression (P < 0.001) and anxiety scores (P = 0.008) and fewer physical complaints
(P < 0.001). Conclusions: Oral slow-release morphine is as effective as methadone in the
treatment of opioid dependency, with comparable safety and tolerability and a greater benefit
on patient wellbeing. Greater pharmaceutical diversity represents a modern development in
mainstream medicine. Slow-release morphine might represent a future treatment option that
will improve long-term outcomes for this target group. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of
Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 8
Page 1101-1109
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Aug 2005
OPIOIDS <220>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005359306
Authors Ling W. Amass L. Shoptaw S. Annon J.J. Hillhouse M. Babcock D. Brigham G. Harrer J. Reid M. Muir J.
Buchan B. Orr D. Woody G. Krejci J. Ziedonis D.
Institution
(Ling, Shoptaw, Annon, Hillhouse) David Geffen School of Medicine, NPI/Integrated Substance Abuse Programs,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
(Amass) Friends Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
(Babcock) Midtown Community Mental Health Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
(Brigham) Maryhaven, Inc., Columbus, OH, United States.
(Harrer) Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
(Reid) New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
(Muir) University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.
(Orr) Center for Drug-Free Living, Orlando, FL, United States.
(Woody) University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
(Krejci) MercerTrenton Addiction Science Center, Trenton, NJ, United States.
(Ziedonis) Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, United
States.
(Ling) UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP), 11075 Santa Monica Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90025,
United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
A multi-center randomized trial of buprenorphine-naloxone versus clonidine for
opioid detoxification: Findings from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials
Network.
Source
Addiction. 100(8)(pp 1090-1100), 2005. Date of Publication: Aug 2005.
Abstract
Aims: The clinical effectiveness of buprenorphine-naloxone (bup-nx) and clonidine for opioid
detoxification in in-patient and out-patient community treatment programs was investigated in
the first studies of the National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Design:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM IV)-diagnosed opioid-dependent
individuals seeking short-term treatment were randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio favoring bupnx, to a 13-day detoxification using bup-nx or clonidine. Methods: A total of 113 in-patients
(77 bup-nx, 36 clonidine) and 231 outpatients (157 bup-nx, 74 clonidine) participated.
Supportive interventions included appropriate ancillary medications and standard counseling
procedures guided by a self-help handbook. The criterion for treatment success was defined
as the proportion of participants in each condition who were both retained in the study for the
entire duration and provided an opioid-free urine sample on the last day of clinic attendance.
Secondary outcome measures included use of ancillary medications, number of side effects
reported and withdrawal and craving ratings. Findings: A total of 59 of the 77(77%) in-patients
assigned to the bup-nx condition achieved the treatment success criterion compared to eight
of the 36 (22%) assigned to clonidine, whereas 46 of the 157 (29%) out-patients assigned to
the bup-nx condition achieved the treatment success criterion, compared to four of the 74
(5%) assigned to clonidine. Conclusion: The benefits of bup-nx for opioid detoxification are
supported and illustrate important ways in which clinical research can be conducted in
community treatment programs. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 8
Page 1090-1100
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Aug 2005
OPIOIDS <224>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005350104
Authors Schifano F. Corkery J. Gilvarry E. Deluca P. Oyefeso A. Ghodse A.H.
Institution
(Schifano, Corkery, Deluca, Oyefeso, Ghodse) National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, University of
London, Division Mental Health-Addictive Behaviour, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.
(Gilvarry) Centre for Alcohol and Drug Studies, North Tyneside and Northumberland Mental Health Trust, Newcastle
upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Buprenorphine mortality, seizures and prescription data in the UK, 1980-2002.
Source
Human Psychopharmacology. 20(5)(pp 343-348), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005.
Abstract
Buprenorphine safety in overdose has been debated recently, but no mortality data related
to this compound from the UK have been published. To gather together all of the
buprenorphine mortality figures, a number of different sources have been checked. To inform
on buprenorphine safety issues, accessible information related to its availability indicators (i.e.
prescriptions; seizures) data for the 1980-2002 time frame have been sought. In the UK,
during this period, buprenorphine was mentioned in 43 fatalities. Typically, victims were males
in the 25-44 age group. In 12 cases (28% of total), a verdict of suicide was given.
Buprenorphine was detected on its own in seven cases; more frequently, it was found
together with benzodiazepines and other opiates. Large quantities of buprenorphine were
prescribed both in England in 1985-1989 and in 1991-1992 in Scotland, where seizures
reached their highest levels. Buprenorphine prescriptions seemed to peak again after 1999,
when high dose buprenorphine formulations entered the UK market. No positive correlation
was found between the number of buprenorphine deaths over the years and either
buprenorphine dispensings/prescriptions or seizures. However, an increase in buprenorphinerelated deaths since 1999 was identified and this may be an issue which should be carefully
monitored over the next few years. Copyright copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISSN 0885-6222
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Human Psychopharmacology
Volume 20
Issue Part 5
Page 343-348
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <225>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number2005345789
Authors
Kawasaki Y. Jin C. Suemaru K. Kawasaki H. Shibata K. Choshi T. Hibino S. Gomita Y. Araki H.
Institution
(Kawasaki, Jin, Shibata, Gomita) Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1,
Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
(Suemaru, Araki) Division of Pharmacy, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
(Kawasaki) Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama
University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
(Choshi, Hibino) Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama
University, 1-3, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Effect of glutamate receptor antagonists on place aversion induced by naloxone in
single-dose morphine-treated rats.
Source
British Journal of Pharmacology. 145(6)(pp 751-757), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005.
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanism underlying the negative motivational component of
withdrawal from acute opiate dependence is far from understood. Our objectives were to
determine whether the glutamatergic system is involved in the motivational component of
morphine withdrawal in acutely dependent rats and such an involvement is associated with
dopaminergic neurotransmission. We examined the effects of various kinds of glutamate
receptor antagonists on conditioned place aversion (CPA) induced by naloxone-precipitated
withdrawal from a single morphine exposure 24 h before. Furthermore, the influence of
pretreatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol on those effects of glutamate
receptor antagonists was also investigated. CPA was attenuated in a dose-dependent
manner by all glutamate receptor antagonists examined including the NMDA receptor
antagonists (+)-5-methyl-10,11 -dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclo- hepten-5,10-imine maleate
(MK-801) and phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP), AMPA receptor antagonist 1-(4aminophenyl)4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3- benzodiazepine hydrochloride (GYKI
52466), and metabotropic receptor antagonists (+/-)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (AP3) and (+/-)-alpha- methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (4MCPG). The effects of MK-801, GYKI
52466 and MCPG were blocked by haloperidol. These results suggest that the glutamatergic
system involving multiple classes of receptors plays a role in the motivational component of
withdrawal from acute morphine dependence, and the function of the glutamatergic system
would be closely associated with dopaminergic neurotransmission. copyright 2005 Nature
Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0007-1188
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name British Journal of Pharmacology
Volume 145
Issue Part 6
Page 751-757
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS <229>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005333814
Authors Pryor S.C. Zhu W. Cadet P. Bianchi E. Guarna M. Stefano G.B.
Institution
(Pryor, Zhu, Cadet, Stefano) State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Neuroscience Research
Institute, Old Westbury, NY 11568, United States.
(Bianchi) University of Siena, Department of Neuroscience, Siena, Italy.
(Guarna) University of Siena, Department of Anatomical and Biomedical Sciences, Siena, Italy.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Endogenous morphine: Opening new doors for the treatment of pain and addiction.
Source
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 5(7)(pp 893-906), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul
2005.
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signalling is at the forefront of intense research interest because its many
effects remain controversial and seemingly contradictory. This paper examines its role as a
potential mediator of pain and tolerance. Within this context discussion covers endogenous
morphine, documenting its ability to be made in animal tissues, including nervous tissue, and
in diverse animal phyla. Supporting morphine as an endogenous signalling molecule is the
presence of the newly cloned mu3 opiate receptor subtype found in animal (including human)
immune, vascular and neural tissues, which is coupled to NO release. Importantly, this mu
opiate receptor subtype is morphine-selective and opioid peptide-insensitive, further
highlighting the presence of morphinergic signalling coupled to NO release. These findings
provide novel insights into pain and tolerance as morphinergic signalling exhibits many
similarities with NO actions. Taken together, a select morphinergic signalling system utilising
NO opens the gate for the development of novel pharmaceuticals and/or the use of old
pharmaceutical in new ways. copyright 2005 Ashley Publications Ltd.
ISSN 1471-2598
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
Volume 5
Issue Part 7
Page 893-906
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS <244>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005317820
Authors Jones H.E. Fitzgerald H. Johnson R.E.
Institution
(Jones, Fitzgerald, Johnson) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
(Jones) Center for Addiction and Pregnancy, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Ave.,
Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Males and females differ in response to opioid agonist medications.
Source
American Journal on Addictions. 14(3)(pp 223-233), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005.
Abstract
Few clinical trials include sex as a factor. This analysis explored within-sex differences in
response to opioid agonist medications. Males and females randomly assigned to
buprenorphine, LAAM, or methadone were compared on opioid use and retention in
treatment. Females receiving buprenorphine had less objective drug use than females
receiving methadone, while males receiving LAAM had less objective drug use than males
receiving buprenorphine. Retention in treatment was longer for both sexes receiving
methadone versus LAAM. Within-subject change results indicate that all three medications
benefit both sexes. Clinical trials should be designed to examine the impact of sex on
outcomes. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.
ISSN 1055-0496
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name American Journal on Addictions
Volume 14
Issue Part 3
Page 223-233
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication May 2005
OPIOIDS <252>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005314900
Authors Hermann D. Klages E. Welzel H. Mann K. Croissant B.
Institution
(Hermann, Klages, Welzel, Mann, Croissant) Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central
Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
(Mann) Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of
Heidelberg, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Low efficacy of non-opioid drugs in opioid withdrawal symptoms.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(2)(pp 165-169), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Opioid withdrawal, stress or cues associated with opioid consumption can induce opioid
craving. If opioids are not available, opioid-dependent patients usually search for alternative
drugs. Because several non-opioid drugs stimulate the endogenous opioidergic system, this
concept may explain their frequent use by opioid-dependent patients. We hypothesized that
non-opioid drugs alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms and are therefore consumed by opioid
addicts. We asked 89 opioid-dependent patients participating in an out-patient opioid
maintenance program to estimate the potential of several non-opioid drugs in being able to
alleviate opioid withdrawal. We applied a five-point Lickert scale (1 = very good reduction of
opioid withdrawal; 5 = no reduction of opioid withdrawal). Patients could also indicate a
worsening of opioid withdrawal. Values (mean +/- SD) were: for benzodiazepines, 3.2 +/- 1.1;
tricyclic antidepressants, 3.6 +/- 1.1; cannabis, 3.6 +/- 1.0; alcohol, 4.1 +/- 1.1; cocaine, 4.2
+/- 1.1; amphetamine, 4.4 +/- 0.9; nicotine, 4.7 +/- 0.7; and caffeine, 4.9 +/- 0.5. A worsening
of opioid withdrawal was reported by 62% of the patients for cocaine, 62% for amphetamine,
50% for caffeine, 37.5% for cannabis, 27% for nicotine, 26% for alcohol, 8% for tricyclic
antidepressants and 3% for benzodiazepines. Our study shows a low efficacy of non-opioid
drugs in alleviating opioid withdrawal symptoms. The data basis of this study was good and
the sample was suitable to be asked for estimations of drug-drug interactions. Of the patients,
26-62% even reported a worsening of opioid withdrawal for cannabis, alcohol, cocaine and
amphetamine. Only benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants were reported to have a
moderate positive effect on opioid withdrawal. copyright Society for the Study of Addiction to
Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 2
Page 165-169
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <253>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005314899
Authors Seifert J. Metzner C. Paetzold W. Borsutzky M. Ohlmeier M. Passie T. Hauser U. Becker H. Wiese B.
Emrich H.M. Schneider U.
Institution
(Seifert, Metzner, Paetzold, Borsutzky, Ohlmeier, Passie, Hauser, Becker, Emrich, Schneider) Hannover Medical
School, Department of Clinical Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
(Wiese) Institute of Biometry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Mood and affect during detoxification of opiate addicts: A comparison of
buprenorphine versus methadone.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(2)(pp 157-164), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Twenty-six in-patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) criteria for
opioid dependence were selected at random to receive either a combination of an 11-day lowdose buprenorphine and a 14-day carbamazepine regimen (n = 14) or a combination of an
11-day methadone and a 14-day carbamazepine regimen (n = 12) in a double-blind,
randomized 14-day in-patient detoxification treatment. Patients with buprenorphine and
carbamazepine showed a significantly better psychological state after the first and second
weeks of treatment. Above all, the buprenorphine-treated patients demonstrated a less
marked tiredness, sensitiveness and depressive state as well as a more prominent elevated
mood during the detoxification process. Seven non-completers (after 7 days: four of 12 =
33.3%; after 14 days: seven of 12 = 58.3%) were treated with methadone and carbamazepine
and five non-completers (after 7 days: two of 14 = 14.3%; after 14 days: five of 14 = 35.7%)
received buprenorphine and carbamazepine. The difference in the overall dropout rate after
day 14 was not significant. The present study supports the hypothesis that the combination of
buprenorphine and carbamazepine leads to a better clinical outcome than does a combination
of methadone and carbamazepine in the detoxification of opioid addicts with additional
multiple drug abuse. The buprenorphine and carbamazepine-regimen provides a more
effective short-term relief of affective disturbances than does methadone and carbamazepine.
No severe side effects occurred during the treatment period in both groups. copyright Society
for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 2
Page 157-164
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <254>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005314898
Authors Glasper A. Reed L.J. De Wet C.J. Gossop M. Bearn J.
Institution
(Reed, De Wet, Gossop, Bearn) Wickham Park House, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, Bethlem Royal
Hospital, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, United Kingdom.
(Reed, Gossop, Bearn) National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, United
Kingdom.
(Glasper) Drug Dependency Unit, St. George's Hospital, Clare House, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, United
Kingdom.
(Bearn) Wickham Park House, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, Monks Orchard
Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Induction of patients with moderately severe methadone dependence onto
buprenorphine.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(2)(pp 149-155), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Current clinical practice allows patients with low levels of physiological dependence on
opioids (equivalent to methadone doses of 30 mg/d or less) to be transferred to
buprenorphine. This study investigated the response of opioid-dependent patients receiving
doses of methadone between 30-70 mg/d when transferred to buprenorphine at doses
between 12-16 mg/d. Twenty-three patients receiving inpatient opioid detoxification agreed to
take pan in a mal of facilitated transfer to buprenorphine. Following the last morning dose of
methadone, buprenorphine was substituted in doses increasing from 4 mg to a maximum of
16 mg, with adjunctive lofexidine (maximum of 2.4 mg/d). All except two patients successfully
completed transfer to buprenorphine. To investigate the effect of initial methadone dose, the
group was split into intermediate dose (ID; 30 - 49 mg/d; n = 10) and high dose (HD; 50 - 70
mg/d; n = 11) groups. Average stabilisation dose of buprenorphine for the sample who
completed transfer was 14.0 mg/d (SD 2.3) and average daily lofexidine dose during transfer
was 0.57 mg (SD 0.39). The HD group used significantly more lofexidine to complete transfer
compared to the ID group. Increased opioid withdrawal symptoms, of mild seventy as
measured by the Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS), were found in the HD group
compared with the ID group during the first and last day of buprenorphine stabilisation.
However, average SOWS scores for the whole of the period of transfer were not significantly
different from those during the period of stabilisation on buprenorphine in either the ID or HD
groups. This study suggests that transfer to buprenorphine is relatively uncomplicated from
daily methadone doses of 30-70mg in an inpatient setting and may be facilitated by use of
lofexidine. This procedure may allow a larger proportion of opioid-dependent patients access
to buprenorphine treatment. copyright Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other
Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 2
Page 149-155
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <257>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005314895
Authors Freye E. Levy J.V.
Institution
(Freye) Clinics of Vascular Surgery and Renal Transplantation, University Clinics of Dusseldorf, Moorenstrasse,
Dusseldorf, Germany.
(Levy) Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of the Pacific (UOP), Webster Street, San
Francisco, CA, United States.
(Freye) Deichstr. 3a, 41468 Neuss-Uedesheim, Germany.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Constitutive opioid receptor activation: A prerequisite mechanism involved in acute
opioid withdrawal.
Source
Addiction Biology. 10(2)(pp 131-137), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
The opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, which is used in detoxification and rehabilitation
programmes in opioid addicts, can precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms even in patients
who have no opioid present. We tested the hypothesis that in order to precipitate withdrawal,
opioids need to convert the inactive opioid receptor site via protein kinase C into a
constitutively active form on which the antagonist precipitates withdrawal. Acute abstinence
symptoms were induced by the potent opioid receptor agonist sufentanil (21 mug/kg), given
for 6 days, which was followed by the antagonist naltrexone (20 mug/kg i.v.) in the awake
trained canine (n = 10). Abrupt displacement of opioid binding resulted in acute withdrawal
symptoms: increase in blood pressure, heart rate, increase in amplitude height of
somatosensory evoked potential, reduced tolerance to colon distention and a significant
increase in grading of vegetative variables (restlessness, panting, thrashing of the head,
whining, yawning, gnawing, salivation and/or rhinorrhoea, mydriasis, stepping of extremities
and vomiting). Following a washout period of 14 days, the same animals were given the
highly specific protein kinase C inhibitor H7 (250 mug/kg) prior to the same dosages of
sufentanil and naltrexone. Such pretreatment was able to either attenuate or completely
abolish the acute withdrawal symptoms. The data suggest that for precipitation of withdrawal,
intracellular phosphorylation is a prerequisite in order to activate the opioid mu-receptor. In
such a setting, naltrexone acts like an 'inverse agonist' relative to the action of the antagonist
on a non-preoccupied receptor site not being exposed previously to a potent opioid agonist.
copyright Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs.
ISSN 1355-6215
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction Biology
Volume 10
Issue Part 2
Page 131-137
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <272>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005305418
Authors Nakagawa T. Yamamoto R. Fujio M. Suzuki Y. Minami M. Satoh M. Kaneko S.
Institution
(Nakagawa, Yamamoto, Fujio, Suzuki, Minami, Satoh, Kaneko) Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
(Satoh) Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by the central nucleus
of the amygdala in the negative affective component of morphine withdrawal in rats.
Source
Neuroscience. 134(1)(pp 9-19), 2005. Date of Publication: 2005.
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST)
are key structures of the extended amygdala, which is suggested to be involved in drug
addiction and reward. We have previously reported that the Ce plays a crucial role in the
negative affective component of morphine withdrawal. In the present study, we examined the
involvement of the neural pathway between the Ce and the BST in the negative affective
component of morphine withdrawal in rats. Rats were rendered morphine dependent by s.c.
implantation of a 75-mg morphine pellet for 3 days, and morphine withdrawal was precipitated
by an i.p. injection of naloxone (0.3mg/kg). In the place-conditioning paradigm, discrete
bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the Ce or the BST significantly reduced naloxone-precipitated
morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion. On the other hand, they had little
effect on morphine withdrawal-induced somatic signs. In an immunohistochemical study for cFos protein, naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal dramatically induced c-Fosimmunoreactive neurons in the capsular part of the Ce, and the lateral and medial divisions of
the BST. Bilateral excitotoxic lesion of the Ce reduced the number of morphine withdrawalinduced c-Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the lateral and medial BST, with significant
decreases in the posterior, ventral and juxtacapsular parts of lateral division, and anterior part
of the medial division, but not in the ventral part of the medial division of the BST. On the
other hand, bilateral excitotoxic lesion of the BST had no effect on such c-Fos induction within
the capsular part, nor the ventral and medial divisions of the Ce. These results suggest that
activation of the BST mediated through the neural pathway from the Ce contributes to the
negative affective component of morphine withdrawal. copyright 2005 IBRO. Published by
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4522
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuroscience
Volume 134
Issue Part 1
Page 9-19
Year of Publication 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <277>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005297388
Authors Vansteensel M.J. Magnone M.C. Van Oosterhout F. Baeriswyl S. Albrecht U. Albus H. Dahan A. Meijer J.H.
Institution
(Vansteensel, Van Oosterhout, Albus, Meijer) Department of Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre,
Wassenaarseweg 62, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
(Magnone, Baeriswyl, Albrecht) Department of Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Rue du
Musee 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
(Dahan) Department of Anaesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden,
Netherlands.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The opioid fentanyl affects light input, electrical activity and Per gene expression in
the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Source
European Journal of Neuroscience. 21(11)(pp 2958-2966), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun
2005.
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain a major circadian pacemaker, which is regulated
by photic and nonphotic stimuli. Although enkephalins are present in the SCN, their role in
phase regulation of the pacemaker is largely unknown. The opioid agonist fentanyl, a
homologue of morphine, is an addictive drug that induces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in
hamsters. We observed that these phase shifts are blocked by naloxone, which is a critical
test for true opioid receptor involvement, and conclude that opioid receptors are the sole
mediators of the actions of fentanyl on the circadian timing system. A strong interaction
between opioids and light input was shown by the ability of fentanyl and light to completely
block each other's phase shifts of behavioural activity rhythms. Neuronal ensemble
recordings In vitro provide first evidence that SCN cells show direct responses to fentanyl and
react with a suppression of firing rate. Moreover, we show that fentanyl induces a strong
attenuation of light-induced Syrian hamster Period 1 (shPer1) gene expression during the
night. During the subjective day, we found no evidence for a role of shPer1 in mediation of
fentanyl-induced phase shifts. Based on the present results, however, we cannot exclude the
involvement of shPer2. Our data indicate that opioids can strongly modify the photic
responsiveness of the circadian pacemaker and may do so via direct effects on SCN
electrical activity and regulation of Per genes. This suggests that the pathways regulating
addictive behaviour and the circadian clock intersect. copyright Federation of European
Neuroscience Societies.
ISSN 0953-816X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name European Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 21
Issue Part 11
Page 2958-2966
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <280>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005293470
Authors Nemmani K.V.S. Lalonde J. Mogil J.S.
Institution
(Nemmani, Lalonde, Mogil) Department of Psychology, Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 1205 Dr
Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Que. H3A 1B1, Canada.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Region-specific changes of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV in the
mouse brain following chronic morphine treatment.
Source
NeuroReport. 16(9)(pp 879-882), 2005. Date of Publication: 21 Jun 2005.
Abstract
In this study, we examined changes in expression of calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein
kinase IV (CaMKIV) in the mouse brain following chronic morphine treatment. Double
immunohistochemical staining showed strong colocalization of CaMKIV with mu-opioid
receptors. Chronic treatment with morphine produced an increase in expression of CaMKIV
and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) in the CA3 region of
the hippocampus, whereas a decrease in CaMKIV and pCREB expression was observed in
the caudate putamen. Interestingly, chronic morphine induced a decrease in protein
expression of CaMKIV in the basolateral amygdale and the primary somatosensory cortex
without any concomitant changes in pCREB. These findings suggest that CaMKIV-dependent
signaling may play a role in chronic morphine-induced neuroplasticity in a brain regionspecific manner. copyright 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ISSN 0959-4965
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name NeuroReport
Volume 16
Issue Part 9
Page 879-882
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication 21 Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <281>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005292751
Authors Yun Y.H. Park S.M. Lee K. Chang Y.J. Heo D.S. Kim S.-Y. Hong Y.S. Huh B.Y.
Institution
(Yun, Park) Quality of Cancer Care Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang,
Gyeonggi, Korea, Republic of.
(Lee, Huh) Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University, 28 Yungun-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Korea,
Republic of.
(Chang) Cancer Information Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea,
Republic of.
(Heo) Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yungun-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul,
Korea, Republic of.
(Kim) Department of Internal Medicine, Kyunghee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of.
(Hong) Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea, Republic of.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Predictors of prescription of morphine for severe cancer pain by physicians in Korea.
Source
Annals of Oncology. 16(6)(pp 966-971), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Background: This study was undertaken to identify predictors of the prescription of strong
opioids, which are important for the management of severe cancer pain, by Korean
physicians. Methods: A questionnaire based on a hypothetical case designed to assess the
prescription of morphine by physicians was administered to 800 specialists in the Korea
Cancer Association, of whom 147 (18.4%) responded, and to 2200 specialists in the Korean
Academy of Family Medicine, of whom 388 (17.6%) responded. We used a multidimensional
approach to identify the predictors of prescription of morphine by physicians. Results: In the
hypothetical case scenario, only 16.5% of the respondents stated that they would prescribe
morphine for severe cancer pain. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that physicians
with a positive attitude regarding opioid addiction [odds ratio (OR) 2.62; 95% confidence
interval (CI) 1.54-4.46], experience of pain assessment (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.13-3.87), recent
residency training (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.30-4.0) and positive self-evaluation as an oncology
specialist (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.41-4.78) were more likely to prescribe morphine. None of the
13 variables in the knowledge dimension significantly predicted prescription of morphine for
severe cancer pain. Conclusions: The results of the survey suggest that we need to develop
strategies to develop a positive attitude toward opioids, to increase experience in pain
assessment and to improve cancer pain management training among Korean physicians.
copyright 2005 European Society of Medical Oncology.
ISSN 0923-7534
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Annals of Oncology
Volume 16
Issue Part 6
Page 966-971
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <287>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005290752
Authors Brugal M.T. Domingo-Salvany A. Puig R. Barrio G. De Garcia Olalla P. De La Fuente L.
Institution
(Brugal, Puig, De Garcia Olalla) Public Health Agency (ASPB), Barcelona Autonomous University (UAB), Barcelona,
Spain.
(Domingo-Salvany) Unitat de Recerca en Serveis Sanitaris, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica-IMIM,
Barcelona, Spain.
(Barrio) Observatorio Espanol Sobre Drogas, Delegacion del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas,
Madrid, Spain.
(De La Fuente) Secretaria Plan Nacional del SIDA, Centra Nacional de Epidemiologia, Institute Carlos III, Madrid,
Spain.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Evaluating the impact of methadone maintenance programmes on mortality due to
overdose and aids in a cohort of heroin users in Spain.
Source
Addiction. 100(7)(pp 981-989), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005.
Abstract
Aims: To assess the relationship between methadone treatment (MT) and overdose and
HIV/AIDS mortality among heroin users resident in Barcelona city. Design: All patients who
started treatment in any treatment centre between 1992 and 1997 were included in a cohort
the first time they were admitted for heroin addiction treatment. Follow-up controls were
carried out every 9 months, on average, until 31 December 1999. Variables, both constant
and varying over time, were fitted into Cox regression models. Findings: The study recruited
5049 patients, which provided 23 048.2 person-years. Fifty per cent were in MT during the
study period; of the total cohort 1005 patients died: 38.4% due to AIDS, 34.7% to overdose
and 27% to other causes. Overall mortality decreased from 5.9 deaths per 100 person-years
in 1992 to 1.6 in 1999. Globally, life expectancy at birth was 39 years, 38 years lower than
that of the general population. The main factor for overdose mortality was not being in MT at
the time of death [relative ratio (RR) = 7.1]; other factors were being a current injector at
baseline and being HIV positive. For AIDS mortality, the main factor was the calendar year
(RR for 1996 versus 1999 = 4.6), the next major factor was more than 10 years of heroin
consumption, followed by not being in MT, being unemployed, then having a prison record.
Conclusions: The observed mortality decline could be linked to the effectiveness of lowthreshold MT. The life expectancy of heroin users increased by 21 years during the study
period. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 7
Page 981-989
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS <293>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005290737
Authors Degenhardt L. Day C. Dietze P. Pointer S. Conroy E. Collins L. Hall W.
Institution
(Degenhardt, Day, Conroy, Collins) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
(Dietze) Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc., Deakin University School of Health and Social Development,
Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
(Pointer) Drug and Alcohol Services Council, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
(Hall) Office of Public Policy and Ethics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia,
Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Effects of a sustained heroin shortage in three Australian States.
Source
Addiction. 100(7)(pp 908-920), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005.
Abstract
Background: In early 2001 in Australia there was a sudden and dramatic decrease in heroin
availability that occurred throughout the country that was evidenced by marked increases in
heroin price and decreases in its purity. Aim: This study examines the impact of this change in
heroin supply on the following indicators of heroin use: fatal and non-fatal drug overdoses;
treatment seeking for heroin dependence; injecting drug use; drug-specific offences; and
general property offences. The study was conducted using data from three Australian States
[New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (VIC) and South Australia (SA)]. Methods: Data were
obtained on fatal and non-fatal overdoses from hospital emergency departments (EDs),
ambulance services and coronial systems; treatment entries for heroin dependence compiled
by State health departments; numbers of needles and syringes distributed to drug users; and
data on arrests for heroin-related incidents and property-related crime incidents compiled by
State Police Services. Time-series analyses were conducted where possible to examine
changes before and after the onset of the heroin shortage. These were supplemented with
information drawn from studies involving interviews with injecting drug users. Results: After
the reduction in heroin supply, fatal and non-fatal heroin overdoses decreased by between
40% and 85%. Despite some evidence of increased cocaine, methamphetamine and
benzodiazepine use and reports of increases in harms related to their use, there were no
increases recorded in the number of either non-fatal overdoses or deaths related to these
drugs. There was a sustained decline in injecting drug use in NSW and VIC, as indicated by a
substantial drop in the number of needles and syringes distributed (to 1999 levels in Victoria).
There was a short-lived increase in property crime in NSW followed by a sustained reduction
in such offences. SA and VIC did not show any marked change in the categories of property
crime examined in the study. Conclusions: Substantial reductions in heroin availability have
not occurred often, but in this Australian case a reduction had an aggregate positive impact in
that it was associated with: reduced fatal and non-fatal heroin overdoses; reduced the
apparent extent of injecting drug use in VIC and NSW; and may have contributed to reduced
crime in NSW All these changes provide substantial benefits to the community and some to
heroin users. Documented shifts to other forms of drug use did not appear sufficient to
produce increases in deaths, non-fatal overdoses or treatment seeking related to those drugs.
copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 7
Page 908-920
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS <300>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005283014
Authors Katz N. Benoit C.
Institution
(Katz, Benoit) Inflexxion, Inc., 320 Needham Street, Newton, MA 02464, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Opioids for neuropathic pain.
Source
Current Pain and Headache Reports. 9(3)(pp 153-160), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun
2005.
Abstract
Whether opioids are effective for neuropathic pain has been a matter of controversy for
decades. Within limits, it is clear that opioids in general are effective for neuropathic pain.
Furthermore, there is no evidence that opiods are any less effective for neuropathic pain than
for non-neuropathic pain, no evidence that opioids are less effective for neuropathic pain than
are other medications, and no evidence that one opioid is any more effective than another for
neuropathic pain. It remains uncertain whether opiods are effective for central pain, although
they may have a role. Although some patients appear to enjoy long-term benefits, most
studies have been short-term. Opioids have an important role in the treatment of neuropathic
pain; however, skillful opioid use balances the benefits with management of side effects and
prevention and treatment of abuse and addiction. Copyright copyright 2005 by Current
Science Inc.
ISSN 1531-3433
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Pain and Headache Reports
Volume 9
Issue Part 3
Page 153-160
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <303>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005277320
Authors Shibasaki M. Nagumo Y. Narita M. Yajima Y. Suzuki T.
Institution
(Narita, Shibasaki, Nagumo, Narita, Yajima, Suzuki) Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
(Narita, Suzuki) Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 24-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Implication of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in the development of psychological
dependence on and behavioral sensitization to morphine.
Source
Journal of Neurochemistry. 93(6)(pp 1463-1468), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) in the
brain dynamics changed by repeated in vivo treatment with morphine. The level of
phosphorylated-cdk5 was significantly increased in the cingulate cortex of mice showing the
morphine-induced rewarding effect. Under these conditions, roscovitine, a cdk5 inhibitor,
given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) caused a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of
the morphine-induced rewarding effect. In addition, the dose-response effect of the morphineinduced rewarding effect was dramatically attenuated in cdk5 heterozygous (+/-) knockout
mice. Furthermore, the development of behavioral sensitization by intermittent administration
of morphine was virtually abolished in cdk5 (+/-) mice. These findings suggest that the
induction and/or activation of cdk5 are implicated in the development of psychological
dependence on morphine. copyright 2005 International Society for Neurochemistry.
ISSN 0022-3042
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Journal of Neurochemistry
Volume 93
Issue Part 6
Page 1463-1468
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <310>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005271252
Authors Mathon D.S. Ramakers G.M.J. Pintar J.E. Marinelli M.
Institution
(Mathon, Ramakers) Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience,
University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands.
(Pintar) Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
(Marinelli) Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and
Science, Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
(Mathon) Department of Physiology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Decreased firing frequency of midbrain dopamine neurons in mice lacking mu opioid
receptors.
Source
European Journal of Neuroscience. 21(10)(pp 2883-2886), 2005. Date of Publication: May
2005.
Abstract
Dopamine neurons originating in the midbrain and projecting to cortico-limbic and motor
structures are one of the major neuronal substrates implicated in the reinforcing properties of
drugs of abuse. The output of this system is largely determined by its impulse activity (amount
and pattern of firing activity). Several intrinsic and synaptic factors can influence dopamine
neuronal activity and, consequently, addiction liability. Pharmacological studies indicate that
mu-opioid receptors and their activation by endogenous opioids may play an important role. In
the present study, we use a genetic approach to better understand the role of mu-opioid
receptors in modulating dopamine neuronal activity in vivo. Using in vivo extracellular singleunit recordings, we show that mice lacking mu-opioid receptors exhibit lower firing rates of
dopamine neurons compared with their wild-type littermates. Although we observed no overall
changes in bursting activity compared with wild-type mice, animals lacking mu-opioid
receptors exhibited a higher proportion of regular-spiking cells that lacked bursting activity.
These findings are the first to emphasize the critical role of mu-opioid receptors in modulating
action potential output of dopamine neurons in vivo using a genetic approach. They also
provide a possible underlying mechanism for the decreased reinforcing properties of drugs of
abuse that was previously observed in mice lacking mu-opioid receptors. copyright 2005
Federation of European Neuroscience Societies.
ISSN 0953-816X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name European Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 21
Issue Part 10
Page 2883-2886
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication May 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <318>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005260502
Authors Picciotto M.R. Hawes J.J. Brunzell D.H. Zachariou V.
Institution
(Picciotto, Hawes, Brunzell) Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New
Haven, CT 06508, United States.
(Zachariou) Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Galanin can attenuate opiate reinforcement and withdrawal.
Source
Neuropeptides. 39(3)(pp 313-315), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Galanin and its receptors are expressed in brain areas associated with opiate reinforcement
and withdrawal. An emerging body of data suggests that galanin can attenuate the
neurochemical, physiological and behavioral signs of opiate reinforcement and withdrawal.
Experiments in transgenic mice overexpressing galanin and knockout mice lacking the
peptide support a role for endogenous galanin in modulating the actions of opiates on brain
regions associated with reinforcement and withdrawal. These studies suggest that galanin
receptor agonists could be useful therapeutic agents to combat opiate addiction. Further,
genetic variation in the genes encoding galanin and its receptors could be associated with
altered susceptibility to opiate dependence. copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0143-4179
Publication Type Journal: Conference Paper
Journal Name Neuropeptides
Volume 39
Issue Part 3
Page 313-315
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <323>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005253829
Authors Dinarvand R. Moghadam S.H. Sayar P. Alaee M. Atyabi F.
Institution
(Dinarvand, Moghadam, Sayar, Alaee, Atyabi) Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of
Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic of.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Preparation of a polymeric reservoir naltrexone delivery device: Effect of PEG content
of the PLA membrane on drug release.
Source
Therapy. 2(3)(pp 407-413), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005.
Abstract
Background: Naltrexone is an orally active opioid agonist that has the potential for use as a
treatment option for opiate addiction. However, in order for the drug to be effective, sufficient
blood levels must be maintained for 4 to 8 months, which typically requires self-administration
by the patient, resulting in complications. Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a
polymeric reservoir device containing naltrexone. Materials & methods: The reservoir device
was prepared using high-molecular-weight poly-L-lactide and the cylindrical device by dipping
a stainless-steel rod in a methylene chloride solution of polylactic acid (PLA). High-molecularweight PLA was used to take advantage of the low biodegradation rate of the polymer, in
order to obtain constant drug release from the device based on the diffusion mechanism
rather than biodegradation of the polymer. The impact of the polymeric device weight and
polyethyleneglycol content of the polymeric membrane of the device on the release of
naltrexone from the device was studied. Results: Rate of drug release from the reservoir
device was shown to be successfully regulated by controlling the device weight as well as the
amount of hydrophilic additive in the polymeric membrane of the device. The higher the
amount of the hydrophilic content of the polymeric membrane, the faster the rate of drug
release from the device. Conclusion: Prepared reservoir devices released their drug content
through the use of a high-molecular-weight PLA. The presence of NaCl as an osmotic agent
did not affect the release profile of naltrexone - an indicator that diffusion is the mechanism of
release of naltrexone from the PLA reservoir system. copyright 2005 Future Drugs Ltd.
ISSN 1475-0708
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Therapy
Volume 2
Issue Part 3
Page 407-413
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication May 2005
OPIOIDS <329>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005248207
Authors Schmittner J. Schroeder J.R. Epstein D.H. Preston K.L.
Institution
(Schmittner, Schroeder, Epstein, Preston) Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National
Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
(Schmittner) Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Health, 5500
Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Menstrual cycle length during methadone maintenance.
Source
Addiction. 100(6)(pp 829-836), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Aims: While the menstrual disruption of heroin has been demonstrated, there are few
published data concerning methadone maintenance and menstrual function. This study was
conducted to evaluate whether cycle length was more regular during methadone
maintenance. Settings: An out-patient research treatment program in Baltimore, Maryland,
USA. Participants: A total of 191 heroin and cocaine-using women from two clinical trials,
lasting 25-29 weeks; each woman was maintained on 70-100 mg of methadone.
Measurements: Start/end dates of each menses were collected. Design: Menstrual patterns
were classified as regular, irregular, transient amenorrhea, persistent amenorrhea or cycle
restart. Repeated-measures regression modeling determined correlates of cycle length and
predictors of long cycles (> 40 days) and short cycles (< 20 days). Bleeding episodes were
defined as 1 or more bleeding days, bound by at least 2 non-bleeding days.
Correlates/predictors examined were body mass index, drug use, methadone dose and race.
Findings: In the 133 women for whom menstrual patterns could be determined, cycle-length
irregularity was common: irregular, 62 (46.7%); regular, 37 (27.8%); cycle restart, 16 (12%);
persistent amenorrhea, 11 (8.3%); transient amenorrhea, seven (5.3%). Each additional week
on methadone maintenance was associated with decreased risk of long (OR = 0.96, P < 0.01
and short (OR = 0.92, P < 0.01) cycles. Of 27 women with secondary amenorrhea pre-study,
16 (59%) restarted menses. Positivity for opioids or cocaine was not significantly associated
with short or long cycles. Conclusions: Cycle length begins to normalize during methadone
maintenance. Menses resumption may occur. Methadone maintenance, despite interfering
with menstrual function in an absolute sense, may interfere less than illicit heroin abuse.
copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 6
Page 829-836
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS / VIROLOGY <330>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005248206
Authors Dolan K.A. Shearer J. White B. Zhou J. Kaldor J. Wodak A.D.
Institution
(Dolan, Shearer, White) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney,
NSW, Australia.
(Zhou, Kaldor) National Centre of HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW, Australia.
(Wodak) St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
(Dolan) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Four-year follow-up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment:
Mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C infection.
Source
Addiction. 100(6)(pp 820-828), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005.
Abstract
Aims: To examine the long-term impact of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on
mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users.
Design, setting and participants: The study cohort comprised 382 imprisoned male heroin
users who had participated in a randomized controlled trial of prison-based MMT in 1997/98.
Subjects were followed-up between 1998 and 2002 either in the general community or in
prison. Measurements: All-cause mortality, re-incarceration, hepatitis C and HIV serostatus
and MMT retention. Findings: There were no deaths recorded while subjects were enrolled in
MMT. Seventeen subjects died while out of MMT, representing an untreated mortality rate of
2.0 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 1.2-3.2). Re-incarceration risk was lowest during MMT
episodes of 8 months or longer (adjusted hazard ratio 0.3 (95% CI, 0.2-0.5; P < 0.001),
although MMT periods 2 months or less were associated with greatest risk of re-incarceration
(P < 0.001). Increased risk of hepatitis C seroconversion was significantly associated with
prison sentences of less than 2 months [adjusted hazard ratio 20 (95% CI, 5-76; < P = 0.001)]
and MMT episodes less than 5 months [adjusted hazard ratio 4.2 (95% CI, 1.4-12.6; P =
0.01)]. Subjects were at greatest risk of MMT dropout during short prison sentences of 1
month or less (adjusted hazard ratio 10.4 (95% CI, 7.0-15.7; P < 0.001). HIV incidence was
0.3 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.03-0.99). Conclusions: Retention in MMT was
associated with reduced mortality, re-incarceration rates and hepatitis C infection. Prisonbased MMT programmes are integral to the continuity of treatment needed to ensure optimal
outcomes for individual and public health. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 6
Page 820-828
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS <384>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005194824
Authors Theodorou S. Haber P.S.
Institution
(Theodorou) Drug Health Services, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
(Haber) Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
(Theodorou) Drug Health Services, C/o Concord Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The medical complications of heroin use.
Source
Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 18(3)(pp 257-263), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005.
Abstract
Purpose of review: Heroin use is associated with numerous adverse sequelae. As clinical
services develop, addiction psychiatrists will increasingly be called upon to help identify and
manage the complications of heroin use. This review focuses on recent research into the
medical complications of heroin use and looks at strategies to minimize harm associated with
this practice. Recent findings: Mortality associated with heroin overdose has increased
substantially in many countries. Parenteral use of opioid drugs is a central factor and other
risk factors include polydrug use, particularly benzodiazepines and alcohol, mental health
issues and environmental factors not conducive to resuscitation. Unravelling the determinants
of blood-berne virus transmission continues, the focus shifting from needle sharing to
inadvertent sharing of other injecting equipment. Trials addressing the challenges of antiviral
therapy in injecting drug users are emerging. A greater understanding of the effects of opioids
on immune functioning complements our knowledge of infection in the heroin-using group as
welt as possibly explaining the reduced response to vaccination in this group. Summary:
Medical complications of heroin affect a number of different organ systems. The role of the
addiction specialist is to be aware of these so that early diagnosis and appropriate
management is instituted. The latter will generally be done in collaboration with other
specialists. The addictions specialist can play a significant role in the development of clinical
systems to minimize these complications. copyright 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ISSN 0951-7367
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Opinion in Psychiatry
Volume 18
Issue Part 3
Page 257-263
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication May 2005
OPIOIDS <341>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005242217
Authors Herman I. Shamir D. Bar-Hamburger R. Pick C.G. Schreiber S.
Institution
(Herman, Shamir) Jaffa Centre for the Treatment of Drug Victims, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine,
Tel Aviv, Israel.
(Bar-Hamburger) Israel Anti Drug Authority, Jerusalem, Israel.
(Pick) Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.
(Schreiber) Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of
Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The effect of mianserin add-on, on the intensity of opioid withdrawal symptoms
during detoxification program - A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled,
prospective study.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 30(6)(pp 1154-1167), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005.
Abstract
Background: Based on pre-clinical studies regarding the interaction of various
antidepressant drugs with the opioid system, we designed a clinical study to be carried out in
the 'in-patient detoxification unit' within a large community centre for treatment of drugs
dependent people. We evaluated the effect of mianserin add-on, on the intensity of opioid
withdrawal symptoms in opiate dependent subjects undergoing medication-supported
physical detoxification and integrated psychosocial and psychotherapeutic intervention for the
treatment of dependence. Methods: Mianserin (or placebo) was added to the routine
medication protocol, during the 3-week in-patient phase of detoxification in a prospective,
randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Mianserin (or placebo) was continued
after discharge and patients were followed up for 3 months in order to evaluate relapse rates.
Opiate withdrawal symptoms were assessed during the first 10 days, while depression and
anxiety were assessed throughout the 3 months of study. Results: From day 2 onward,
patients in the study group showed significantly lower withdrawal symptoms than the control
group patients and reached this peak faster (study group 2.8 days, control group 3.2 days,
p<0.001). However, drop out rates were higher in the study group throughout the study period
and only 13% of the study group patients, compared to 30% of the control group patients
reached the end point. Conclusion: Though adding mianserin to the medication treatment
during detoxification of opiate-dependent persons attenuated significantly both the intensity
and the duration of withdrawal symptoms, the overall drop out rate was negatively influenced
in the study group compared to the control group and fewer patients completed the study.
Further study is needed in order to establish the origin of the paradox of higher drop out rates
in the presence of attenuated intensity and duration of opiate withdrawal symptoms in the
study group, and the clinical implications that should be drown. copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 30
Issue Part 6
Page 1154-1167
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jul 2005
OPIOIDS <343>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005238819
Authors Ikeda K. Ide S. Han W. Hayashida M. Uhl G.R. Sora I.
Institution
(Ikeda, Ide, Han, Sora) Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, 2-1-8 Kamikitazawa,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8585, Japan.
(Ide) Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International
University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
(Hayashida) Surgical Center Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1
Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
(Uhl) Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
(Sora) Division of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 11 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
How individual sensitivity to opiates can be predicted by gene analyses.
Source
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 26(6)(pp 311-317), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun
2005.
Abstract
Opiate analgesics are widely used and abused drugs. Individual differences in opiate
sensitivity can hamper effective pain treatments and increase risks of drug abuse. Although
genetic factors might affect individual differences in opiate sensitivity, scientific evidence for
specific genetic mechanisms that underlie these differences has been sparse. Recent studies
using inbred and knockout mice have revealed that the mu opioid peptide (MOP) receptor
encoded by the Oprm1 gene has a mandatory role in the analgesic and addictive properties
of opiate drugs. Increasing evidence suggests that differences in Oprm1 gene sequences
affect the amount of Oprm1 mRNA and sensitivity to opiates, and >100 polymorphisms have
been identified in the human OPRM1 gene, some of which are related to vulnerability to drug
dependence in some populations. Rapid advances in this research field are leading to
improved understanding of the relationships between gene polymorphisms and opiate
sensitivities that will enable more-accurate prediction of the opiate sensitivity and opiate
requirements in individual patients. copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0165-6147
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
Volume 26
Issue Part 6
Page 311-317
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Jun 2005
OPIOIDS (A) <351>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005226217
Authors Broseta I. Rodriguez-Arias M. Aguilar M.A. Minarro J.
Institution
(Broseta, Rodriguez-Arias, Aguilar, Minarro) Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicologia, Universitat de
Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibanez 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Isolation decreases physical and motivational aspects of morphine withdrawal.
Source
Behavioural Pharmacology. 16(3)(pp 131-138), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005.
Abstract
Environmental manipulations such as social housing conditions of animals may play a role in
the expression of individual differences in response to drugs. This study aimed to evaluate
whether isolated and grouped mice develop different degrees of morphine dependence.
Isolated and grouped mice were rendered morphine dependent employing two different
methods of induction: a fast or slow protocol, both reaching the same maximum daily dose
(100mg/kg). Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal was assessed using a modified GellertHoltzman scale and a conditioned place aversion (CPA) procedure. Isolated animals
manifested fewer signs of physical dependence than grouped mice and only those receiving
two daily morphine doses presented significantly higher scores on the Gellert-Holtzman scale
than controls. Similarly, in CPA, although all morphine-treated animals developed aversion, its
intensity was only significantly higher than in controls in grouped animals receiving two daily
doses. Analgesic response, measured with the hot-plate test, showed that isolated mice
presented longer latencies to lick their paws (even without drug administration), suggesting
that they had a higher level of endogenous opiates. It can be argued that isolated animals
may be less sensitive to morphine than the non-isolated and therefore tolerate greater
quantities or require more drug to produce the same effects. The results suggest that
variability in the response to opiates could be affected by environmental manipulations.
copyright 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ISSN 0955-8810
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Behavioural Pharmacology
Volume 16
Issue Part 3
Page 131-138
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication May 2005
OPIOIDS <358>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005223130
Authors Marissen M.A.E. Franken I.H.A. Blanken P. van den Brink W. Hendriks V.M.
Institution
(Marissen, Blanken, Hendriks) Parnassia Addiction Research Centre, Parnassia Mental Health Institute, Jan Hein
Donnestraat 75, 2553 RZ Den Haag, Netherlands.
(Franken) Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
(van den Brink) Amsterdam Institute of Addiction Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
(van den Brink) Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam,
Netherlands.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Cue exposure therapy for opiate dependent clients.
Source
Journal of Substance Use. 10(2-3)(pp 97-105), 2005. Date of Publication: Apr 2005.
Abstract
Cue exposure therapy is seen as a potentially effective treatment for addictive disorders.
Drug-dependent clients are repeatedly exposed to drug-related stimuli and prevented from
using drugs in an attempt to reduce reactivity to these stimuli. The present article gives an
overview of cue reactivity models on which cue exposure therapy is based. An example of
cue exposure practice is given, with a focus on opiate addiction. It is concluded that the few
controlled studies that have been done do not show support for cue exposure therapy as an
effective treatment for addictive disorders. copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.
ISSN 1465-9891
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Journal of Substance Use
Volume 10
Issue Part 2-3
Page 97-105
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Apr 2005
OPIOIDS <369>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005212920
Authors Dietze P. Jolley D. Fry C. Bammer G.
Institution
(Dietze, Fry) Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc., Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
(Dietze, Jolley) Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
(Fry) Department of Public Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
(Bammer) National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT,
Australia.
(Dietze) Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, 54-62 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, Vic. 3065, Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Transient changes in behaviour lead to heroin overdose: Results from a casecrossover study of non-fatal overdose.
Source
Addiction. 100(5)(pp 636-642), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005.
Abstract
Background and aims: Heroin overdose is a serious consequence of heroin use and one of
the leading causes of premature death and illness in Australia. Despite considerable research
effort little is known about the effects of transient changes in heroin user behaviour and the
links to overdose. This research is the first to use a suitable methodology to allow such
ephemeral changes and their effects on non-fatal heroin overdose to be examined. Methods:
A case-crossover design was used in which non-fatal heroin overdose survivors' recall of risk
behaviours in the 12 hours prior to overdose (hazard period) was compared to their recall of
risk behaviours in the 12 hours prior to a selected non-overdose heroin injection (control
period). Results: A total of 155 participants were able to provide valid details of hazard and
control periods. A dose-response relationship was observed between the self-reported
amount of heroin used and likelihood of overdose (e.g. > AUD50, OR 12.97, 95% CI 2.5466.31). The use of benzodiazepines (OR 28, 95% CI 3.81-205.79) or alcohol (OR 2.88, 95%
CI 1.29-6.43), during the hazard period was related to overdose risk, but the effect of alcohol
was attenuated by the effect of benzodiazepines. Shifting from private to public locations
between control and hazard periods was also related to increased risk of overdose (OR 3.63,
95% CI 1.66-7.93). Conclusions: We demonstrate the value of a new methodology to explore
heroin overdose, as well as discussing its limitations and ways to overcome them in future. In
terms of our findings, overdose prevention messages need to highlight the impact of these
transient changes in behaviour and to emphasize the risks of using higher doses of heroin as
well as continuing to emphasize the risks of combining heroin with other central nervous
system (CNS) depressants. Safer environments for heroin use, such as injecting rooms, may
also reduce the chances of overdose. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 100
Issue Part 5
Page 636-642
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication May 2005
OPIOIDS <377>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2005204202
Authors Bignan G.C. Connolly P.J. Middleton S.A.
Institution
(Bignan, Connolly, Middleton) Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development,
LLC, PO Box 300, Raritan, NJ 08869, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Recent advances towards the discovery of ORL-1 receptor agonists and antagonists.
Source
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 15(4)(pp 357-388), 2005. Date of Publication: Apr
2005.
Abstract
Since their discovery a decade ago, remarkable progress has been made toward
understanding the biological function and significance of the opioid receptor-like-1 (ORL-1)
receptor and its endogenous peptide ligand, nociceptin. The human nociceptin receptor,
herein referred to as ORL-1, but also known as OP4 (the fourth member of opioid peptide
receptor family) or nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor, was first identified as an
orphan opioid receptor with close homology to the classical mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid
receptors. ORL-1 does not bind endogenous ligands of the other opioid receptors with high
affinity, but instead prefers the 17 amino acid peptide nociceptin. The obvious homologies of
ORL-1 to opioid receptors, and its ligand nociceptin to opioid peptide ligands, led to a period
of intense investigation that resulted in a number of significant reports describing the biology
of the receptor and ligand. The emerging pharmacological evidence from these reports
suggests that ORL-1 agonists may be clinically useful for treatment of stress, anxiety,
substance abuse (opioid and alcohol), anorexia, cachexia, cough, asthma, and possibly
neuropathic pain/allodynia. The peripheral effects of nociceptin suggest that agonists may
have utility in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders, water retention, and
hypertension. ORL-1 antagonists may be useful in enhancing cognitive function and treating
locomotor disorders such as Parkinsonism. In addition to research into the fundamental
biology of ORL-1 and nociceptin, noteworthy advances have been made in the discovery of
new peptide and non-peptide agonists and antagonists of the ORL-1 receptor leading to a
better understanding of its involvement in a variety of biological processes. This review
highlights the rationale for the development of ORL-1 ligands and recent progress made by
different research groups towards the development of peptidic and non-peptidic ORL-1
agonists or antagonists over the last four years. To add perspective on the commercial
potential of this research area, the development status of advanced new molecules is
addressed together with any pharmacological characterisation of these entities. copyright
2005 Ashley Publications Ltd.
ISSN 1354-3776
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents
Volume 15
Issue Part 4
Page 357-388
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication Apr 2005
OPIOIDS <379>
Database
EMBASE
Accession Number
2005203462
Authors
Wittchen H.-U. Apelt S.M. Buhringer G. Gastpar M. Backmund M. Golz J. Kraus M.R. Tretter F. Klotsche J. Siegert
J. Pittrow D. Soyka M.
Institution
(Wittchen, Apelt, Klotsche, Siegert) Institut fur Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Chemnitzer Strasse 46,
01187 Dresden, Germany.
(Buhringer) IFT Institut fur Therapieforschung Munchen, Munchen, Germany.
(Gastpar) Klinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, Essen, Germany.
(Backmund) Stadtisches Krankenhaus Schwabing, Munchen, Germany.
(Golz) Praxiszentrum Kaiserdamm, Berlin, Germany.
(Kraus) Medizinische Poliklinik, Universitat Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
(Tretter) Bezirkskrankenhaus Munchen-Haar, Munchen, Germany.
(Pittrow) 3P Consulting, Pocking, Germany.
(Soyka) Psychiatrische Universitats- und Nervenklinik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen,
Germany.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: Methods and
design of the COBRA study.
Source
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 14(1)(pp 14-28), 2005. Date of
Publication: 2005.
Abstract
Buprenorphine and methadone are the two established substitution drugs licensed in many
countries for the treatment of opioid dependence. Little is known, however, about how these
two drugs are applied and how they work in clinical practice. In this paper we present the
aims, methods, design and sampling issues of a collaborative multi-stage epidemiological
study (COBRA) to address these issues. Based on a nationally representative sample of
substitution physicians, the study is designed as an observational, naturalistic study,
consisting of three major parts. The first part was a national survey of substitution doctors
(prestudy, n = 379 doctors). The second part was a cross-sectional study (n = 223 doctors),
which consisted of a target-week assessment of 2,694 consecutive patients to determine (a)
the severity and problem profiles and treatment targets; (b) the choice and dosage scheme of
the substitution drug; (c) past and current interventions, including treatment of comorbid
hepatitis C; and (d) cross-sectional differences between the two drugs with regard to
comorbidity, clinical course, acceptance/compliance and social integration. The third part
consists of a prospective-longitudinal cohort study of 48 methadone-treated and 48
buprenorphine-treated patients. The cohort is followed up over a period of 12 months to
investigate whether course and outcome of the patients differ by type or treatment received in
terms of clinical, psychosocial, pharmaco-economic and other related measures. The
response rate among substitution doctors was 57.1%; that among eligible patients was
71.7%. Comparisons with the federal registers reveal that the final samples of doctors and
patients may be considered nationally representative with regard to regional distribution,
training, type of setting as well as the frequency of patients treated with buprenorphine or
methadone. The COBRA study provides a unique comprehensive database, informing about
the natural allocation and intervention processes in routine care and about the course and
outcome of patients treated with buprenorphine or methadone.
ISSN 1049-8931
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
Volume 14
Issue Part 1
Page 14-28
Year of Publication 2005
Date of Publication 2005