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8/29/12
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BIOL 2401 :
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ex. 1 :Language of Anatomy
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomical Position
•  Used as a reference point
when referring to specific
areas of the human body
•  Body erect
•  Head and toes
pointing forward
•  Arms hanging
downwards with
palms facing forward
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Surface Anatomy and Directional Terms
•  Refers to visible surface landmarks that can be used for study
of the human body, for reference and for unambiguous location.
•  They are divided into •  Axial areas : relating to head, neck, trunk (axis of the body)
•  Appendicular areas : relating to limbs and their
attachments
•  The body landmarks can further be studied by separating them
into anterior and posterior landmarks
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
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Superior and inferior – toward and away from the
head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back
of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a
more medial and lateral structure
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Directional Terms
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Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the
origin of the body part
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the
body surface
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
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Directional Terms
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Directional Terms
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Regional Terms:
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The next figures show the regional term; use your
lab manual for a better look at the figures
Also use the Resources link on my webpage to
practice these terms (Language of Anatomy –
University of Minnesota link)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regional Terms: Anterior View
Nasal (nose)
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Sternal
(breastbone)
Thoracic
(chest)
Mammary
(breast)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Umbilical
(navel)
Carpal (wrist)
Pollex
(thumb)
Palmar
(palm)
Coxal
(hip)
Digital
(fingers)
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic (genital region)
Femoral
(thigh)
Patellar
(anterior knee)
Fibular, or
peroneal
(side of leg)
Crural (leg)
Pedal
(foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Digital (toes)
Hallux (great toe)
(a) Anterior
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Otic (ear)
Cephalic
(head)
Occipital (back of
head or base of skull)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Scapular
(shoulder blade)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum or dorsal
(back)
Olecranal
(back of elbow)
Lumbar (loin)
Sacral
(between hips)
Upper
extremity
Manus
(hand)
Gluteal (buttock)
Perineal
(region between
the anus and
external genitalia)
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
(back of knee)
Lower
extremity
Sural (calf)
Calcaneal (heel)
Plantar (sole)
(b) Posterior
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Planes
•  These refer to imaginary surface sections, lines or
planes used when making cuts through body walls ,
organs or tissues
•  Since we are 3-dimensional structures, such planes or
sections commonly come in 3 forms and lie at right
angles to each other
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Body Planes
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Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on
the midline
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides
the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Planes
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Body Planes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Planes
•  Sections of any kind provide different information about a
non-spherical body or organ
•  Such different information from several to hunderds of
sections are used to reconstruct the micro anatomy of organs
structures or the general anatomy of organs and tissues.
•  It provides the health care professional to study and detect
abnormalities in these structures. This requires a good
understanding of what looks normal and /or abnormal !
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Body Planes
•  Modern scanning instruments such as MRI and CAT are used
similarly to non-invasively reconstruct internal organs and
structures.
•  Take a peek at the following website for some animation of
sections
http://cnsvp.stanford.edu/mri/animation1.html
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomical Variability
§ 
§ 
Humans vary slightly in both external and internal
anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures match
textbook descriptions, but:
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Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of
place
Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
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Body Cavities
§ 
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is
divided into two subdivisions
§ 
§ 
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Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain
Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral
column; encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),
and is divided into two subdivisions
§ 
Thoracic
§ 
Abdominopelvic
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart
and lungs)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Diaphragm
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Key:
Pelvic cavity
(contains bladder,
reproductive organs,
and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view
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Body Cavities
Key:
Cranial
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart
and lungs)
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains bladder,
reproductive organs,
and rectum)
Ventral
body cavity
(thoracic
and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
(b) Anterior view
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Cavities
§ 
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural
cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial
cavity
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Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity;
surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
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Body Cavities
§ 
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The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the
superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped
diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
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Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains
the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
§ 
Internal organs are covered with body membranes called serosa
layers
§ 
Parietal serosa lines and touches the outer aspect of body walls
§ 
Visceral serosa touches and covers the internal organs
§ 
Serous fluid separates the serosae layers
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Heart Serosae
§ 
The heart, located in the mediastinum, is surrounded by a
sac called the pericardium : visceral and parietal
pericardium.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Other serous layers : Pleura and Perioneum
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The lungs are surrounded by a
visceral and parietal pleura .
The abdominal organs
are surrounded by a
visceral and parietal
peritoneum .
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Other Body Cavities
§ 
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the
digestive organs
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Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
§ 
Orbital – house the eyes
§ 
§ 
Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit
sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities
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Other Body Cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Right upper
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Left upper
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Right lower
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Left lower
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