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Study Guide
CSUDH
Master’s Program
Applied Anatomy
In
Orthotics and Prosthetics
General Introduction to Bones of the Skeleton
Referring to your text, the articulated and disarticulated skeletons, locate the following bones, and
describe their general location. You should be able to recognize them by themselves, as well as
articulated (articulated = in position, touching its neighbors)
The Axial Skeleton
Skull
Sternum
Vertebrae
7 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
5 coccygeal
Ribs
7 True ribs
5 False ribs
2 of the false ribs are floating
Appendicular skeleton
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Pelvic Girdle
Os Coxae (Innominate bone):
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis (Os pubis, pubic bone)
2
MATERIAL FOR THE FIRST PRACTICUM
Upper Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle = Clavicle and Scapula anchored by the manubrium of the sternum
Clavicle
Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Scapula
Borders
Vertebral (medial)
Axillary (lateral)
Superior
Sternum
Manubrium
Jugular Notch
Body
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
Angles
Superior angle
Inferior angle
7 True Ribs
5 False Ribs
2 Floating Ribs
Fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Costal Cartilages
Scapular Notch
Glenoid cavity
Supraglenoid tubercle
Coracoid process
Acromion process
Scapular spine
Anatomy of the Vertebrae
General Structures of a Single Vertebra:
Body
Vertebral foramen
Has 7 Processes
Transverse process (2)
Superior and inferior articular processes (4 total)
Spinous process (1)
Between Adjacent Vertebrae
Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral foramina (2)
3
Upper Appendage
Humerus
Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical neck
Tubercles- greater and lesser
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum (lateral condyle)
Trochlea (medial condyle)
Ulna
Olecranon process
Semilunar (Trochlear) notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Styloid process
Radius
Head
Neck
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process
Ulnar notch
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Hand
Digits (1-5) = fingers
Proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges (phalanx, singular)
JOINTS: Interphalangeal Joints (IPJ) are the two distal knuckles on your fingers/toes
There are two types of IPJ’s
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIPJ)
Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIPJ)
Metacarpals (1-5) = bones of the palm
JOINTS: Metacarpal Phalangeal Joint (MPJ). These are the larger knuckles at the base
of your fingers/toes
Carpals (mnemonic: physical therapy, lots of studying, time to come home)
 Proximal row from lateral to medial:
scaphoid (Navicular), lunate, triangular (triquetrum), pisiform
 Distal row, from lateral to medial
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
4
Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral Joint)
Ball and Socket Joint: Humeral head in glenoid cavity
Glenoid labrum
formed as a fibrocartilagenous ring-like structure which deepens the cavity
Ligaments:
Glenohumeral ligaments : 3 fibrous bands
 Radiate laterally and inferiorly from the anterior glenoid labrum to the anatomical
neck of humerus
 Reinforce the anterior part of the articular capsule (and are inside the capsule,
not visible from outside.)
Coracohumeral ligament
 From base of coracoid process to anterior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus
Transverse humeral ligament (know for National Boards, not on our lab exam)
 Runs from greater to lesser tubercle of humerus
 Creates a channel , bridging over the intertubercular groove
 Site for tendon of long head of biceps brachii
Coracoacromial ligament

From inferior aspect of acromion to coracoid process

Forms an extrinsic protective “arch” overlying the head of humerus, preventing
superior displacement of the head

Supraspinatus muscle passes under this arch.
MUSCLES ABOVE THE WAIST:
5
1. Muscles of the Back
N
Trapezius
O
Occipital bone, spines of C7 and all Thoracic vertebrae
I
A
spine and acromion of scapula, lateral side of clavicle
Extends head and moves scapula in all ways except protraction:
medially/ lateraly rotates, elevates/depresses, retracts scapula
N
O
I
A
Latissimus dorsi
lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest
intertubercular groove of humerus
Extends, adducts and internally rotates arm
N
Rhomboideus (major and minor)
O
spinous process of C7-T5
I
A
medial border of scapula
Retracts and elevates scapula
2. Muscles of the Abdomen
N
External oblique
O
I
A
lower 8 ribs
linea alba, pubic crest, iliac crest
Flexes trunk and rotates trunk to opposite side
N
O
I
A
Internal oblique
Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament
lower 4 ribs; linea alba; pubic crest
Flexes trunk and rotates trunk to opposite side
N
O
I
A
Rectus abdominis
pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
Flexes and rotates trunk
N
O
I
A
Serratus anterior (“boxer’s muscle”)
Ribs 1-8
medial (vertebral) border of scapula
Protracts and laterally rotates (glenoid cavity goes up) scapula
3. Muscles of
the chest
6
Name
O
I
A
Pectoralis major
sternum, costal cartilages, clavicle
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Flexes, adducts and internally rotates arm
Name Pectoralis minor
O
Ribs 3,4,5
I
Coracoid process of scapula
A
Protracts, depresses scapula
4. Muscles of the shoulder
Name Supraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle)
O
supraspinous fossa of scapula
I
greater tubercle of humerus
A
Abducts arm
5.
Name Infraspinatus (rotator cuff muscle)
O
infraspinous fossa
I
greater tubercle of the humerus
A
Extends and externally rotates arm
Name Teres Minor (rotator cuff muscle)
O
Upper axillary border of scapula
I
Greater tubercle of humerus
A
Extends and externally rotates arm
Name
O
I
A
Teres Major
Inferior angle of scapula
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Extends,adducts and internally rotates arm
Name Subscapularis (rotator cuff muscle)
O
Subscapular fossa
I
Lesser tubercle of humerus
A
Internally rotates and adducts arm
5. Muscles of the Arm:
Name
O
I
A
Deltoid
clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Flexes/Extends, internally/externally rotates, abducts arm
Name Biceps brachii (crosses 2 joints)
7
O
I
A
coracoid process, supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
radial tuberosity
Flexes elbow, supinates forearm (main supinator or forearm)
Name Coracobrachialis
O
Coracoid process of scapula
I
Middle humerus
A
Adducts and flexes arm
Name
O
I
A
Brachialis
distal anterior humerus
coronoid process of ulna
Flexes elbow
Name
O
I
A
Triceps brachii (crosses 2 joints)
axillary border of scapula, posterior humerus
olecranon process of the ulna
Extends elbow
6. Muscles of the Antecubital Fossa
Name Brachioradialis
O
distal humerus
I
styloid process of radius
A
Flexes elbow
Name
O
I
A
Pronator teres
medial epicondyle (humerus), coronoid process (ulna)
Middle lateral radius
Flexes and pronates forearm
7. Muscles of the Hand
Extensors of the Hand (hairy surface of the forearm)
Name Extensor digitorum
O
lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I
posterior surfaces of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
A
Extends fingers and wrist
Name
O
I
A
Extensor carpi radialis
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Base of 2nd and 3d metacarpals, posterior surface
Extends and abducts wrist
8
Name
O
I
A
Extensor carpi ulnaris
lateral epicondyle of humerus
Base of 5th metacarpal, posterior surface
Extends and adducts wrist
Flexors of the hand (smooth surface of the forearm)
Name Flexor carpi radialis
O
medial epicondyle of humerus
I
base of 2nd and 3d metacarpals, anterior surface
A
Flexes and abducts wrist
Name
O
I
A
Flexor carpi ulnaris
medial epicondyle of humerus
5th metacarpal, pisiform, hamate
Flexes and adducts wrist
Name
O
I
A
Palmaris longus
medial epicondyle of humerus
palmar aponeurosis
Flexes wrist
Name Flexor digitorum superficialis
O
Medial epicondyle of humerus
I
Middle phalanges 2-5
A
Flexes digits and wrist
Name Flexor digitorum profundus
O
Anterior ulna
I
Distal phalanges 2-5
A
Flexes digits and wrist
Retinacula
Name Flexor retinaculum
Name Extensor retinaculum
Thumb muscles
Name
Name
Name
Name
Flexor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
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Actions of Muscles
SCAPULA
Depresses and rotates scapula
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Retraction of scapula
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Protraction of scapula
Pectoralis minor
HEAD
Extends head
FOREARM
Extends elbow
Triceps brachii
Flexes elbow
Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Supinates forearm
Biceps brachii
Supinator
Pronates forearm
Pronator teres
HAND
Extends wrist
Extensor carpi radialis
10
Trapezius
ARM
Flexes arm
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Deltoid
Extends arm
Latissimus dorsi
Teres Major
Teres Minor
Infraspinatus
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Abducts arm
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Adducts arm
Latissmus dorsi
Teres Major
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Internally rotates arm
Latissmus dorsi
Teres Major
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
Externally rotates arm
Teres Minor
Infraspinatus
Deltoid
MATERIAL FOR THE SECOND PRACTICUM
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle = Two Os Coxae joined anteriorly and anchored to the sacrum posteriorly
Boney pelvis = two os coxae, sacrum and coccyx
Os Coxa (Innominate bone)
Acetabulum (latin. Vinegar cup)
Acetabular notch (inferior)
Acetabular fossa (roughened inferior surface)
Lunate surface (smooth superior surface)
Obturator foramen
11
Ilium
Auricular surface
Iliac crest
Ala (laterally)
Iliac fossa (medially)
Spines
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischium
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis (Os pubis; pubic bone)
Body
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Pubic crest
Pubic arch
Pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis)
Lower Appendage
Femur
Head
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Greater and lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
Fovea capitis
Linea aspera
Gluteal tuberosity
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle (adductor tubercle)
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
12
Popliteal fossa
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Medial and lateral condyles
Intercondylar Eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Fibular Notch
Foot
Fibula
Head
Lateral malleolus
Metatarsal bones
1-5
The 5th metatarsal has a styloid process
Patella
Base
Apex
Articular facets
Tarsal bones
Digits
1-5
Proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges, except hallux
Big toe is called the hallux
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms (3) lateral, intermediate and medial
Arches of the foot
Longitudinal
Transverse
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Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton:
YOU ONLY NEED TO KNOW THE NAMES OF THE LIGAMENTS
Knee Joint
Hinge joint, but movements are combined with those of gliding, rolling and rotation around a vertical
axis. 3 articulations: lateral and medial articulations of femur and tibia; intermediate articulation of
patella and femur. Note: Fibula does not articulate with the femur, only with the tibia.
Extracapsular ligaments:
Patellar ligament
 Passes from the apex and margins of the patella distally to the tibial tuberosity
 Joins with the patellar retinacula, aponeurotic expansions of the vastus lateralis and
medialis muscles and support the articular capsule laterally.
Medial collateral ligament
 Extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
 At its midpoint, its fibers are attached to the medial meniscus,
 Weaker than the fibular collateral ligament, so more often injured
Lateral collateral ligament
 Extends inferiorly from lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of the fibular head
Intracapsular ligaments and menisci:
Cruciate ligaments
 Join proximal tibia with distal femur, crisscrossing in the articular capsule
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
 Weaker of the two cruciates
 Arises from anterior intercondylar area of tibia, extends posteriorly, superiorly and
laterally to attach at the posteromedial side of the femoral lateral condyle.
 Slack when knee is flexed, taut when fully extended
 Prevents posterior displacement of femur and hyperextension of knee joint
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
 Arises from posterior intercondylar area of tibia, passes superiorly and anteriorly,
attaches to the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of femur.
 Taut during flexion, prevents anterior displacement of femur on the tibia
 Is the main stabilizing factor when weightbearing during flexed knee position (ie. Walking
downhill.)
Menisci (medial and lateral)
 Crescent (C-) shaped plates of fibrocartilage located over the medial and lateral tibial
condyles
 Thicker laterally, thinner inside the joint capsule
 Act like shock absorbers
 Thicker laterally, taper to thin unattached edges at interior of the joint.
14
Hip Joint
Strong, stable multiaxial ball and socket joint
Most moveable of all joints
Fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum and travsverse acetabular ligament (which bridges the acetabular
notch) hold head in beyond its equator.
Ligaments:
Iliofemoral ligament
 Y shaped; Attaches to ant infer iliac spine and acetabular rim proximally and inferior
intertrochanteric line distally
 Prevents hyperextension of the hip during standing
Pubofemoral ligament
 Runs from the superior ramus of the pubis and passes laterally and to the intertrochanteric
line (passing deep to the iliofemoral ligament.)
 Prevents overabduction of the hip joint
Ischiofemoral ligament
 Runs from ischial part of acetabular rim, spirals superolaterally to the neck of femur (best
seen from posterior view.)
 Prevents hyperextension of the hip by screwing the femoral head deeper into the acetabulum
Ligament of the head of the femur (know for National Boards, not on our lab exam)
 Weak, little importance in strengthening hip joint
 Runs from the transverse acetabular ligament and attaches to the pit ( fovea capitis) of head.
15
MUSCLES BELOW THE WAIST:
8. Trunk Muscles (Note: movement of the “Hip Joint” and movement of the “thigh” mean the
same thing, e.g. hip extension = thigh extension)
Name
O
I
A
Gluteus maximus
Iliac crest, sacrum
gluteal tuberosity of femur
Extends and externally rotates thigh (main extensor of thigh)
Name
O
I
A
Gluteus medius
Iliac fossa
greater trochanter of the femur
Abducts and internally rotates thigh (controls pelvic tilt at
midstance)
Name
O
I
A
Tensor fasciae latae
iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine
iliotibial tract
Flexes, abducts and internally rotates thigh
Name Piriformis
O
Sacrum
I
Greater trochanter of femur
A
Externally rotates thigh
Name
Sciatic nerve
Name Psoas major
Iliacus (together = iliopsoas)
O
lumbar vert, transverse process
Iliac fossa
I
lesser trochanter of the femur
lesser trochanter of the femur
A
Flexes thigh (main flexor of thigh) Flexes thigh (main flexor of thigh)
NOTE: Hip extensors and hip flexors stabilize the pelvis during locomotion.
9. Anterior Muscles of Thigh
Quadriceps femoris = Group name (composed of 4 muscles; controls knee flexion)
Name Rectus femoris
O
anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
I
tibial tuberosity
A
Extends leg, flexes thigh
Name Vastus lateralis
O
linea aspera, greater trochanter
I
tibial tuberosity
16
A
Name
O
I
A
Name
O
I
A
Extends leg
Vastus medialis
linea aspera
tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Vastus intermedius (does not flex hip)
proximal femur
tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
10. Posterior Muscles of Thigh
3 muscles called Hamstrings. These are located on posterior thigh.
The Actions of All 3 is the same. They decelerate the leg at heel strike.
Name Biceps femoris
O
ischial tuberosity and linea aspera
I
fibula head
A
Extends thigh, flexes leg
Name
O
I
A
Semimembranosus
ischial tuberosity
medial condyle of tibia
Extends thigh, flexes leg
Name
O
I
A
Semitendinosus
ischial tuberosity
medial aspect of proximal tibia
Extends thigh, flexes leg
11. Thigh Adductors
Name
O
I
A
Pectineus
pubis
posterior proximal femur
Adducts, flexes thigh
Name
O
I
A
Adductor Longus
Pubis, superior ramus
linea aspera
Adducts, flexes thigh
Name
O
I
A
Adductor magnus
Ischial tuberosity and pubis, inferior ramus
linea aspera of femur
Adducts, flexes/extends thigh
17
Name
O
I
A
Sartorius
anterior superior iliac spine
Medial tibia
Flexes, abducts and externally rotates thigh; flexes lower leg
Name
O
I
A
Gracilis
pubis
Medial proximal tibia
Adducts, flexes and internally rotates thigh
Name Scarpa’s Triangle
12. Leg Muscles
Posterior Leg: Plantarflexors of the foot (except politeus).
Triceps Surae (the group name for gastroc and soleus)
Name Gastrocnemius
O
medial and lateral epicondyles of femur
I
Posterior calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A
Flexes leg, plantarflexes foot
Name
O
I
A
Soleus
head of fibula and middle of tibia
Posterior calcaneus via Achilles tendon
Plantarflexes foot
Name Plantaris
O
Lateral epicondyle of femur
I
Posterior calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A
Flexes leg, plantarflexes foot
Name Popliteus
O
Later condyle of femur
I
Proximal tibia
A
Internally rotates leg
Muscles behind the medial malleolus; plantarflexors of foot
(Tom, Dick, and Harry: Tom = tibialis posterior; Dick = flexor digitorum longus, Harry = flexor hallucis longus)
Name Tibialis posterior
O
Posterior tibia and fibula
I
Plantar surface of navicular
A
Inverts and plantarflexes foot
18
Name Flexor digitorum longus
O
Posterior tibia
I
Distal phalanges of 2-5th digits
A
Flexes 2-5th digits and plantarflexes foot
Name Flexor hallucis longus
O
Posterior fibula
I
Distal phalanx of 1st digit
A
Flexes hallux and plantarflexes foot
Anterior Compartment of the Leg (PRE-TIBIAL group); dorsiflexors of the foot
Name Tibialis anterior (prevents foot slap at heel strike)
O
lateral condyle and shaft of tibia
I
Plantar aspect of first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
A
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Name Extensor hallucis longus
O
Shaft of fibula
I
Distal phalanx of hallux
A
Extends hallux, dorsiflexes foot
Name Extensor digitorum longus
O
Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal fibula
I
Distal phalanges of 2-5th digits
A
Extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexies foot
Muscles behind the lateral malleolus (Everters of the foot)
Name
O
I
A
Peroneus (fibularis) longus (runs post to lat malleolus)
head of fibula
First metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Everts and plantarflexes foot
Name Peroneus (fibularis) brevis (runs post to lat malleolus)
O
Shaft of fibula
I
5th metatarsal styloid process
A
Everts and plantarflexes foot
Name
O
I
A
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius (runs ant to lat malleolus)
Distal fibula shaft
5th metatarsal shaft
Everts and dorsiflexes foot
19
THIGH
Extension of thigh
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Flexes thigh
Psoas major
Tensor fasciae latae
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
LEG
Flexes leg
Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Extends leg
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Internal rotation of leg
Popliteus
FOOT
Plantarflexes foot
20
Pectineus
Adductor Longus/ Brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
External rotation
Gluteus maximus
Piriformis, Gemellus, Obturators
Quadratus femoris
Sartorius
Adductor magnus
Internal rotation
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Abduction of thigh
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Sartorius
Adduction of thigh
Pectineus
Adductor Longus/Brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
KEY TO MUSCLE MODELS IN LAB
1. Teres Major
2. Teres Minor
3. Supraspinatus
4. Infraspinatus
5. Subscapularis
6. (skip)
7. Coracobrachialis
21
8. Deltoid
9. Triceps brachii
10. Biceps brachii
11. Brachialis
12. Brachioradialis
13. Pronator teres
14. Extensor carpi radialis
15. Extensor carpi ulnaris
16. Extensor digitorum
17. Extensor pollicis longus
18. Extensor pollicis brevis
19. Abductor pollicis longus
20. Flexor carpi ulnaris
21. Flexor carpi radialis
22. Palmaris longus
23. Flexor digitorum superficialis
24. Flexor digitorum profundus
25. Gluteus maximus
26. Gluteus medius
27. Piriformis
28. Psoas major (Spine model)
29. Tensor fasciae latae
30. Rectus femoris
31. Vastus lateralis
32. Vastus medialis
33. Vastus intermedius
34. Sartorius
35. Gracilis
36. Pectineus
37. Adductor Longus
22
38. Adductor magnus
39. Scarpa’s Triangle (Prosthetic device)
40. Biceps femoris
41. Semimembranosus
42. Semitendinosus
43. Gastrocnemius
44. Soleus
45. Plantaris (plaster models only)
46. Popliteus
47. Tibilalis posterior
48. Flexor digitorum longus
49. Flexor hallucis longus
50. Tibialis anterior
51. Extensor digitorum longus
52. Extensor hallucis longus
53. Peroneus (fibularis) longus
54. Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
55. Peroneus (fibularis) tertius
23