Download Lecture 1: Biomedical Engineering: a Historical

2012-08-29
Lecture 1: Biomedical Engineering: a
Historical Perspective
Assistant Prof. Yangmo Yoo
Department of Electrical Engineering &
Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated
Biotechnology
Sogang University
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Agenda
Introduction
Administration
Motivation
Course objectives and topics to learn
Lecture 1: Biomedical Engineering: a Historical
Perspective
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Introduction: Lecturer?
Yangmo Yoo
– BS and MS in EE
– PhD in BioE (University of Washington)
– Philips Healthcare ( 2007-2009)
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Introduction: Students?
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Administration
Text book
– John Enderle et al., Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, 2nd Ed.,
Academic Press (Elsevier), 2005
Recommended
– Mohrman and Heller, Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th Ed., Mc Graw Hill,
2003.
– Hlastala and Berger, Physiology of Respiration, 2nd Ed., Oxford, 2001.
– Scanlon and Sanders, Essenstials of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Ed., F.
A. Davis Comp., 2003.
– Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10th Ed., Saunders
(Elsevier), 2000
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Administration
Grading
– Midterm: 80% (every 4th week)
– Attendance: 20%
Academic misconduct
– 1st time: C+ or lower grade
– 2nd time: F
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Topics
Weeks 1-4 (유양모 교수)
– Biomedical engineering: a historical perspective
– Anatomy and physiology
– Medical imaging
Weeks 5-8: Drug delivery (김현철 교수)
Weeks 9-12: DNA (앤 킴 교수)
Weeks 13-16: Biomechanics (신충수 교수)
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Lecture 1: Biomedical Engineering:
A Historical Perspective
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Contents
1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
1.3 What is Biomedical Engineering?
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
Using instrument
– Skulls with holes by trephiners for
treatment of extreme pain (migraine) or
attacks of falling to the ground (epilepsy)
Interrelationship between the
supernatural and one’s health
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Meaning of Rx?
Rx is an abbreviation for the Latin word "recipere" or "recipe", which
means "Take, thou." In the days before manufactured drugs,
apothecaries (who were also doctors) would write out a formula for
medications.
They would mix up and compound ingredients to make drugs or
remedies. According to the Pharmaceutical Handbook (19th edition,
1980), the Latin abbreviation Rx is completed by some statement such
as "fiat mistura", which means "let a mixture be made", sometimes
abbreviated to f.m. or ft. mist. or fait mist.
Another theory states the symbol Rx is a corruption of the symbol of
Jupiter. It was assumed that the symbol of Jupiter was used to invoke
him so that the prescription is effective. Thus, the symbol is a prayer to
Jupiter to use his healing abilities to cure the patient.
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
B.C. 3000: Egyptian doctor,
Imhotep
– The architect of the first pyramid
– “He who cometh in peace” because
he visited the sick to give them
“peaceful sleep”
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
B.C. 1000: Medicine was
already a highly respected
profession in Greece
– Asclepius: the god of
medicine and healing in
ancient Greek mythology
– First hospitals: sanatorium
with religious overtones
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
Hippocrates
– B.C. 460-370
– Father of medicine
– Taught disease as a natural process
– Founder of the rational art of medicine
Roman Empire
– B.C. 27 – A.D. 476
– Contribution to public health
– “First aid” in battle field and “Base hospital”
– Sewer systems and aqueduct
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– Galen (Greek): greatest physician in the history of
Rome
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Oath of Hippocrates
국내 의과대학에서 사용되는 선서문
– 이제 의업에 종사할 허락을 받음에
– 나의 생애를 인류 봉사에 바칠 것을 엄숙히 서약하노라.
– 나의 은사에게 대하여 존경과 감사를 드리겠노라.
– 나의 양심과 품위를 가지고 의술을 베풀겠노라.
– 나는 환자의 건강과 생명을 첫째로 생각하겠노라.
– 나는 환자가 나에게 알려준 모든 것에 대하여 비밀을 지키겠노라.
– 나는 의업의 고귀한 전통과 명예를 유지하겠노라.
– 나는 동업자를 형제처럼 여기겠노라.
– 나는 인종, 종교, 국적, 정당관계 도는 사회적 지위 여하를 초월하여 오직 환
자에 대한 나의 의무를 지키겠노라.
– 나는 인간의 생명을 그 수태된 때로부터 더 없이 존중하겠노라.
– 나는 비록 위협을 당할 지라도 나의 지식을 안도에 어긋나게 쓰지 않겠노라.
– 나는 자유 의사로서 나의 명예를 걸고 위의 서약을 하노라.
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
Renaissance
– 14c – 17c
– The age of examination and measurement
– In 1592, Galileo lectured on mathematics to medical students (in
Pauda, Italy), demonstrated thermoscope, pendulum, and
telescopic lens, encouraged physicians the use of scientific tools
– Sanctorius (Galileo’s student): comparative studies of human
temperature and pulse
– William Harvey (graduate of Pauda): applied Galileo’s laws of
motion and mechanics to the problem of blood circulation
– In England, Henry VIII (1491-1547): the oldest medical institution,
“the College of Physicians,” doctors and medical students replaced
the nursing sisters and monk physicians
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
18c in France and American
colonies:
– Humanitarian and democratic
movements in concerned equal
rights and welfare of people
– Hospital remained a place to
avoid: high death rate (25%
patients, 6-12 attendants)
– First American hospital was
delayed: the Pennsylvania
Hospital (1751), Massachusetts
General (1811)
– Florence Nightingale (18201910): improved nursing practices
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1.1 Evolution of the Modern Healthcare System
American hospitals a century ago
– 324 charity and 24 pay beds (Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1870s)
– Not admit contagious diseases or incurables
– Surgery admissions only 5%
– Simple provisions of cooking and washing facilities
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
20c: explosion in scientific knowledge and technology
– Technological innovation gave physicians enormous power
– 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: x-ray (the first Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1901)
– 1903 William Einthoven: first electrocardiograph
– Mid-1930s sulfanilamide: inhibit the growth of streptococci in mice
– Early 1940 penicillin
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
Sulfanilamide
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
20c: explosion in scientific knowledge and technology
– Blood type 1900, sodium citrate 1913
– Blood bank 1930s with adequate refrigeration technology
American Nobel Price winner in physiology and medicine:
possible by technology available to clinical scientists
– 1900~1929: 0 mostly from Europe
– 1930~1944: 7
– 1945~1975: 37
– 1975~2003: 40
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
Development of complex surgical procedures
– Drinker respirator 1927
– Heart-lung machine 1939
– Cardiac catheterization 1940s
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
Development of complex surgical procedures
– Electron microscope 1950s
– Atomic age: nuclear medicine
Medicine began to change to accommodate the new
technology
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World War II
– Military technology for peaceful application
– Science and technology: cause and effect
• Gunnery – ballistics
• Steam engine – thermodynamics
• Powered flight – aerodynamics
The realm of electronics
– Pursuit of knowledge that was undertaken with technical uses in
mind
– Telemetry, computer (Apollo project, 1969)
– Complex calculations, keeping records (via artificial intelligence)
and even controlling the very instrumentation
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
Electronics – Medical imaging
– CT, PET, US, MRI
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1.2 The Modern Healthcare System
Spare part surgery
– Kidney transplantation 1954
– Artificial heart valves
– Artificial blood vessels
– Artificial heart
– Liver transplantation
– Surgery plays a prominent role
Hospital became the central institution
– Role of the emergency ward
– This evolutionary process became inevitable as technology
produced increasingly sophisticated equipment
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Engineering vs. Science
Traditional view
Scientists
Engineers
Create knowledge
Apply that knowledge
Study the world as it is
Seek to change the world
Are trained in scientific method
Are trained in engineering design
Use explicit knowledge
Use tacit knowledge
Are thinkers
Are doers
More realistic view
Scientists
Engineers
Create knowledge
Create knowledge
Are problem-driven
Are problem-driven
Seek to understand and explain
Design experiments to test theories
Seek to understand and explain
Prefer abstract knowledge
Prefer contingent knowledge
But rely on tacit knowledge
But rely on tacit knowledge
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Design devices to test theories
BNT5032: Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
Engineering
From ABET
– The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop
structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or
works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or
operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast
their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects
an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and
property
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Engineering
Cost-effective
– Consideration of design trade-offs, e.g., resource usage
– Minimize negative impacts (e.g., environmental and social cost)
Solutions
– Emphasis on building devices
Practical problems
– Solving problems that matter to people
– Improving human life in general through technological advance
Applications of scientific knowledge
– Systematic application of analytical technique
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1.3 What is Biomedical Engineering?
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Biomedical Engineering
Apply electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and other
engineering principles to understand, modify, control
biological (i.e., human and animal) systems
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Biomedical Engineers
Research in new materials for implanted artificial organs
Development of new diagnostic instruments for blood analysis
Wiring software for analysis of medical research data
Analysis of medical device hazards for safety and efficacy
Development of new diagnostic imaging systems
Design of biomedical sensors
Development of expert systems for diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Design of closed-loop control for drug administration
Modeling of the physiologic systems of human body
Design of instrumentation for sports medicine
Development of new dental materials
Design of communication aids for individuals with disabilities
Study of pulmonary fluid dynamics
Study of biomechanics of human body
Development of material to be used as replacement for human skin
Etc.
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Professional Societies
American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
Biomedical Engineering Society
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University of Washington
Research theme
http://depts.washington.edu/bioe/research/research_themes/research_themes.shtml
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Johns Hopkins University
Cell and tissue engineering
Cardiovascular systems
Medical imaging
Systems neuroscience
Molecular and cell systems
Bioinformatics and computational biology
Computational modeling
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MIT
Research areas offered
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http://web.mit.edu/be/research/index.htm
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UCSD
Research Groups
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