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Types of Articulations/Joints
 Fibrous– bones joined by dense regular
connective tissue; no or limited movement
(periodontal, sutures, interosseus)
 Cartilaginous– bones joined by cartilage;
some movement (costochondral, intervertebral,
symphyses)
 Synovial – fluid filled joint cavity separates
articulatory surfaces of bones; extensive
movement (temporomandibular, atlanto-occipital,
atlantoaxial, vertebral articular process joints,
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral,
elbow, radiocarpal, coxal, knee, talocrural)
Synovial Joints
 (Articular) Capsule –
2 layered con. tissue
Fibrous Layer – outer
dense reg. con. tiss.
Synovial Membrane
(synovium) – inner thin
loose connective tissue
 Synovial Fluid –
plasma & secretions
 Articular Cartilage
– hyaline cartilage
(lacks a perichondrium)
Synovial Joints
 Articular Discs – discs of
fibrocartilage between the articular
cartilages [Menisci (sing. =
meniscus) – C-shaped articular
discs]
 Extrinsic Ligaments – (outside)
art. capsule
 Intrinsic Extracapsular
Ligaments – join bones;
thickenings of articular capsule
 Intrinsic Intracapsular Ligaments
– join bones within the art. capsule
Synovial Joints
 Bursae (sing. = bursa) –
capsule containing synovial
fluid, near but not part of
joint; reduce friction
 Tendon Sheath – an
elongate bursa that
envelopes tendons or
ligaments; reduce friction.
 Fat Pads – fill spaces
around joints, can provide
some limited protection.
Glenohumeral Joint
Elbow Joint
Coxal (Hip) Joint
Knee Joint
Temporomandibular &
Sternoclavicular Joints
Muscular System
Muscle Classification
 Cardiac Muscles = involuntary;
myogenic; short, branched,
uninucleate cells with striations.
 Smooth Muscles = involuntary;
myogenic; short, unbranched,
uninucleate cells withOUT striations.
 Skeletal Muscles = voluntary;
neurogenic; long, unbranched
multinucleate cells with striations.
Muscle Classifications
 Somatic Muscles = Superficial to
coelom (develop from myotome and/or
somatic lateral plate).
 Visceral Muscles = Deep to coelom
(develop from splanchnic lateral plate).
 Myogenic Muscles = contraction
initiated in the muscle itself.
 Neurogenic Muscles = contraction
initiated by a nerve.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
 Fast Glycolytic Fibers (“White”) =
rapid contraction; quick to fatigue;
large diameter; low vascularization;
little myoglobin; few mitochondria.
 Slow Oxidative Fibers (“Red”) =
slow contraction; slow to fatigue;
narrow diameter; much
vascularization; high myoglobin; many
mitochondria.
 Intermediate Fibers.
Skeletal Muscle Terms
 Muscle = muscle cells and the noncontractile supporting cells that
together perform a single function.
 Fascia = Connective tissue that
surround muscle organs. (epimysium)
 Tendon = Dense connective tissue
that attaches a muscle organ to a
bone. (connect to periosteum)
Aponeurosis = flat, sheet-like tendon
Skeletal Muscle Terms
 Belly (gaster) = Fleshy part of muscle.
 Origin = relatively fixed site of muscle
attachment.
 Insertion = relatively mobile site of
muscle attachment.
 Attachment = origin or insertion
Ligaments
 Ligament = Dense connective tissue
that attaches a bone to a bone.
Biceps Muscle
origin
tendon
belly
tendon
insertion
Biceps & Triceps Muscles
Muscle Actions
 Flex = decrease angle btw. two parts.
 Extend = increase angle btw. two parts.
 Adduct = move a part toward the
central axis or “main part.”
 Abduct = move a part away from the
central axis or “main part.”
Muscle Actions
 Depress = move a part “down.”
 Levate = move a part “up.”
 Constrict = close or restrict openings.
 Dilate = open or enlarge openings.
Muscle Names
 Combination of origin and insertion
names. (origin-insertion)
coracomandibularis, puboischiofemoris
 Combinations of attachments,
homologies, position, or actions.
adductor mandibulae, superficial constrictor
 Descriptors of size, shape, or perceived
similarity.
trapezius (table), pectoralis major (big pectoral)
Muscle Development
Muscles form from mesoderm; obvious
exception = the iris (ectodermal)
 splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm 
visceral smooth & cardiac muscles
 somatic lateral plate mesoderm  some
skeletal muscles
 myotomal mesoderm (somitomeres and
somites)  most skeletal muscles
 prechordal mesoderm (in front of
notochord)  3 extrinsic eye muscles
Vertebrate Neurula (section)
somite
notochord
coelom
gut
intermediate
mesoderm
lateral
plate mesoderm
Vertebrate Embryo (section)
neural
crest
cells
sclerotome
dermatome
myotome
splanchnic
mesoderm
somatic
mesoderm
gut
coelom
Vertebrate Embryo (section)
neural
crest
cells
sclerotome
dermatome
myotome
gut
coelom
Vertebrate Embryo (section)
neural
crest
cells
vertebra
dermatome
myotome
gut
coelom
Gnathostome Embryo (section)
vertebra
myotome
horizontal
septum
developing
skin
epidermis
neural crest
dermis
myotome
gut
coelom
Muscle Development
 Somitomeres = head mesoderm segments
 Somites = postcranial mesoderm segments
Horizontal septum = divides myotome of
somite into dorsal (epaxial) & ventral
(hypaxial) portions (in Gnathostomes).
Spinal nerves have epaxial and hypaxial
innervating branches.
 Prechordal mesoderm = median tissue
under brain in front of notochord (not
segmented)
Axial Musculature
Head/Neck Muscle Development
 Branchiomeric musculature =
muscles of the pharyngeal & mandibular
arches;
derived from somitomeres with some
lateral plate mesoderm
 Hypobranchial musculature =
muscles extending under the pharynyx;
derived from ventral myotome of
anterior somites migrating anteriorly
Head/Neck Muscle Development
Generalized Vertebrate
Generalized Vertebrate
extrinsic
eye muscles
arch 1
musc.
arch 2 arch 3
musc. musc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
somitomeres
mandibular
arch
hyoid
arch
1
2
3
somites
1st branchial
arch
4
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
 Extrinsic Eye Muscles (6)
move the eye
within the orbit,
three muscles
formed from
somitomeres
(sm) 1, 2, 3, & 5.
three formed
from prechordal
mesoderm.
sm 3
sm 1&2
sm 5
Superficial Facial Musculature
temporalis
occipitalis
of epicranius
of epicranius
levator labii superioris
mentalis
Neck (Under Chin) Musculature
Neck Musculature
Mouth Opening & Closing
 Opening – Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid,
Thyrohyoid, & Omohyoid contract (pull hyoid
inferiorly); Digastric & Mylohyoid contract.
 Closing – Temporalis, Masseter, &
Pterygoideus contract (origin = palatine,
pterygoid process of sphenoid, & greater wing of
sphenoid; insertion = medial coronoid process of
mandible)
 Swallowing – Styloglossus contracts (pulls
tongue back); Mylohyoid contracts (raises floor
of mouth); Anterior Digastric and Stylohyoid
contract (pulls hyoid superiorly)
Human Neck Muscles
Thoracic Musculature
Thoracic (Back) Musculature
Thoracic Musculature
pectoralis
major
serratus
anterior
Thoracic (Back) Musculature
trapezius
latissimus
dorsi
Abdominal Musculature
rectus
abdominis
external
obliques
Scapular Movement Musculature
Rhomboideus (Minor
& Major) – move
scapulas medially
Serratus
Anterior –
move scapulas
laterally and
anteriorly/ventrally
(pectoralis
minor too)
Trapezius & levator
scapulae – move
scapulas superiorly
and/or medially or
extend head
Abdominal Musculature
obliques –
flex abdomen
rectus abdominis
– flex abdomen
Deep Back Musculature
Erector spinae –
extends vertebral
column
Intervertebral Musculature
interspinales
rotatores
intertransversarius
Pelvic Floor Musculature
penis or clitoris
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
labia majora
or scrotum
deep
transverse
perineus
median
connect.
tissue
superficial
transverse
perineus
levator ani
*
anus
external anal sphincter
Pelvic Floor Musculature (Male)
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
superficial
transverse
perineus
levator ani
external anal sphincter
deep
transverse
perineus
Pelvic Floor Musculature (Female)
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus
superficial
transverse
perineus
levator ani
external anal sphincter
external
urethral
sphincter
deep
transverse
perineus
Head/Neck Muscle Development
Shark-like Vertebrate
Shark-like Vertebrate
somitomeres
1-7
mandibular
arch
hyoid
arch
somites
1-4
1st branchial
arch
Branchiomeric – Gill Arch
dorsal
branchial
levators
adductor
ventral
branchials
constrictors
Mandibular & Hyoid
levator palatoquadrati,
dorsal constrictor
levator hyomandibulae,
dorsal constrictor
adductor
mandibulae
intermandibularis,
ventral constrictor
interhyoideus,
ventral constrictor
Mandibular Arch Muscles
 Innervated by trigeminal nerve ( V ).
Adductor
shark
adductor
mandibulae
amphibian
or reptile
adductor
mandibulae
mammal
masseter,
temporalis,
pterygoideus
D. Constrictor
Ventral
interlevator
palatoquadrati mandibularis
levator
pterygoidei
intermandibularis
ABSENT
mylohyoid,
anterior
digastric
Adductor Mandibulae
t
m
shark
“turtle”
adductor mandibulae
p
mammal
t = temporalis
m = masseter
p = pterygoideus
Mandibular Arch Muscles
Mandibular Arch Muscles
Hyoid Arch Muscles
 Innervated by facial nerve ( VII ).
V. Constrictor D. Constrictor
shark
ventral
hyoid
constrictor
amphibian
or reptile
sphincter
coli
mammal
platysma,
facial
muscles
Ventral
levator
hyomandibuli
interhyoideus
ABSENT
interhyoideus
stapedius
stylohyoid,
posterior
digastric
Hyoid Arch Muscles
Branchiomeric Muscles
Supracoracoideus
 Lissamphibia & non-Avian Repilia
origin – coracoid; insert - humerus
Adducts ventrally, like pectoralis
 Mammalia (Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus)
origin – scapular blade; insert - humerus
Abducts (supraspinatus) limb superiorly or
adducts (infraspinatus) linbinferiorly
 Aves origin – sternum; insert - humerus
Abducts limb (elevates) contra pectoralis
Amphibian Pectoral Muscles
VENTRAL VIEW
supracoracoideus
pectoralis
Lizard Pectoral Muscles
SCHEMATIC ANTERIOR VIEW
scapula
scapula
humerus
coracoid
coracoid
sternum
supracoracoideus
pectoralis
Bird Pectoral Muscles
scapula
coracoid
sternum
Mammal Pectoral Muscles
SCHEMATIC
ANTERIOR
VIEW
supraspinatus
pectoralis
humerus
sternum
Musculature Ref. - Abbreviations
 or. = Origin
 ins. = insert
 Sm. # = Originates from somite #
 Smtm. # = Originates from somitomere #
 - Roman Numeral (e.g., -III or -IV) = Innervated by
cranial nerve # (cranial nerves are
numbered in roman numerals)
 - Nerve Name (e.g., -sciatic nerve or –phrenic nerve)
Innervated by named nerve
=
Head Musculature - Reference
 Masseter – or. = zygomatic arch; ins. =
lateral surface of posterior mandible;
elevates mandible, Smtm. 4 - V
 Temporalis – or. = frontal, parietal, &
temporal; ins. = coronoid process of
mandible; elevates mandible, Smtm. 4 - V
 Pterygoideus – or. = maxilla, palatines, &
pterygoid processes; ins. = medial
mandible; elevates mandible, Smtm. 4 - V
 Buccinator – or. = body of mandible and
maxilla; ins. = fascia of orbicularis oris;
compresses cheeks, Smtm. 6 - VII
Head Musculature - Reference
 Mylohyoid – or. = medial mandible; ins. =
median conn. tissue; elevates floor of mouth,
depresses mandible, or elevates hyoid,
Smtm. 4 - V
 Digastric – or. = mastoid process of temporal;
central tendon loops to hyoid; ins. = medial
chin; elevates hyoid or depresses mandible
Anterior digastric - Smtm. 4 - V
Posterior digastric - Smtm. 6 – VII
 Stylohyoid – or. = stylod process; ins. =
hyoid; elevates hyoid, Smtm. 6 - VII
Head Musculature - Reference
 Frontalis of epicranius – or. = frontal; ins. =
epicranial aponeurosis; wrinkles forehead,
raises eyebrows, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Occipitalis of epicranius – or. = occipital;
ins. = epicranial aponeurosis; pulls scalp
back, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Orbicularis oculi – sphincter - , encircles
eye; closes eye, constricts eye, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Orbicularis oris – sphincter - , encircles
mouth; puckers lips, constricts mouth, Smtm.
6 - VII
Head Musculature - Reference
 Nasalis – or. = maxilla; ins. = midline of
nose; flattens or flares nose, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Zygomaticus minor & major – or. =
zygomatic arch; ins. = skin at corner of
mouth; “smile”, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Risorius – or. = masseter fascia; ins. = skin
at corner of mouth; “smile”, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Depressor anguli oris – or. = lateral
mandible; ins. = skin at corner of mouth;
“frown”, Smtm. 6 - VII
Head Musculature - Reference
 Levator labii superioris – or. = zygomatic
arch; ins. = skin at top of mouth; “sneer” or
“Elvis lip”, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Depressor labii inferioris – or. = mandible
lateral to midline; ins. = skin at bottom of
mouth; “pout lip”, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Mentalis – or. = median mandible; ins. =
skin under mouth; “pout lip”, Smtm. 6 - VII
 Platysma – or. = deltoid & pectorialis
fascia + acromion; ins. = skin of cheek &
mandible; tenses neck skin, Smtm. 6 - VII
Head/Neck Musc. - Reference
 Stylopharyngeus – or. = styloid process;
ins. = thyroid cart.; elevates larynx, Smtm.7-IX
 Palatoglossus – or. = soft palate; ins. = side
of tongue; elevates tongue, Sm. 1 - X
 Sternocleidomastoid
– -or.
Sm. 1-4
IX = manubrium and
clavicle; ins. = mastoid process; neck
flexion, Sm. 1-4 - IX
 Trapezius – or. = occipital and spinous
processes or thoracic vertebrae; ins. =
lateral clavicle and scapular spine; move
scapula, Sm. 1-4 - IX
Head/Neck Musc. - Reference
 Styloglossus– or.= styloid process; ins.= lat.
& inferior tongue; retracts tongue, Sm.1-3 -XII
 Hyoglossus – or. = hyoid; ins. = lateral
tongue; retracts tongue, Sm. 1-3 – XII
 Genioglossus – or. = medial mandible; ins.
= inferior tongue; protracts tongue, Sm. 1-3 –
XII
 Thyrohyoid – or. = thyroid cart.; ins. = hyoid;
pulls hyoid and thyroid cart. together
 Cricothyroid – origin = cricoid cart.; insertion
= thyroid cart.; pulls cricoid cart. and thyroid
cart. together
Head Musculature - Reference
 Sternohyoid – or. = manubrium;
ins. =
hyoid; depresses hyoid
 Sternothyroid – or. = manubrium; ins. =
thyroid; depresses thyroid cartilage
 Omohyoid – or. = superior edge of
scapula; ins. = hyoid; depresses hyoid
 Scalene muscles – or. = transverse
processes of cervical vert. II-VII; ins. = 1st and
2nd ribs; elevates ribs 1 and 2
Neck Musculature - Reference
 Splenius and capitis muscles – or. = Spinous
or transverse processes of C1-T4 (or the
median overlying dense connective tissue,
the ligamentum nuchae); ins. = mastoid
process of temporal occipital bone or
transverse processes of the atlas; extend
and rotate head (antagonistic to
sternocleidomastoid)
 Levator scapulae – or. = transverse
processes of C1-C4; ins. = superior/medial
margin of scapula; elevates scapula
Thoracic Musculature – Ref.
(epaxial musculature)
 Erector spinae – or. = ilium, posterior
sacrum, & lumbar spinous processes; ins.
= ribs, cervical transverse processes,
mastoid processes; extends vertebral
column
 Transversospinalis – or. = posterior
(dorsal) transverse processes of C1-S1;
ins. = spinous processes; extends, rotates
or laterally flexes vertebral column
Thoracic Musculature – Ref.
 Pectoralis major – or. = inferior medial clavicle,
sternum, sternal portion of ribs 2-6; ins. =
humerus (intertubercular); pulls arm anteriorly
(ventrally)
 Pectoralis minor – or. = ribs 3-5; ins. = coracoid
process of scapula; pulls scapula anteriorly
(ventrally)
 Serratus anterior – or. = lat. surfaces of ribs 18; ins. = medial inferior margin of blade of
scapula; pulls scapula anterior and inferiorly
 Intercostals (external & internal) – attachments
= adjacent ribs; elevate or depress ribs
Thoracic Musculature – Ref.
 Trapezius – or. = occipital bone, median
connective tissue above C1-C6, and spinous
processes of vertebrae C7-T12; ins. = lateral
clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine; elevate,
depress, and/or move scapula medially
 Rhomboid (minor & major) – or. = spinous
processes of C7-T5; ins. = medial margin of
blade of scapula; moves scapula medially
 Latissimus dorsi – or. = spinous processes of
vertebrae T7-T12, ribs 8-12, ilium; ins. =
intertubercular groove of humerus; extends arm
Thoracic Musculature – Ref.
 Supraspinatus – or. = dorsal superior
scapular blade; ins. = greater tubercle
(humerus); abducts & rotates arm
 Infraspinatus – or. = dorsal middle scapular
blade; ins. = greater tubercle (humerus);
adducts & rotates arm
 Teres minor – or. = dorsal middle scapular
blade; ins. = greater tubercle (humerus);
adducts & rotates arm
 Teres major – or. = dorsal inferior scapular
blade; ins. = lesser tubercle (humerus);
extends, adducts & rotates arm
Thoracic Musculature – Ref.
 Subscapularis – or. = ventral/anterior
scapular blade; ins. = lesser tubercle
(humerus); rotates arm
 Coracobrachialis – or. = coracoid process
of scapula; ins. = medial humerus shaft;
flexes & adducts arm
 Deltoid – or. = lateral clavicle & acromion
process of scapula; ins. = lateral humerus;
abducts and extends arm
Brachial Musculature – Ref.
 Biceps brachii – or. = superior glenoid
fossa rim & coracoid process; ins. = radial
tuberosity; flexes arm & forearm
 Triceps brachii – or. = inferior glenoid fossa
rim & posterior humerus; ins. = olecranon
process; extends arm & forearm
 Brachialis – or. = anterior shaft of humerus;
ins. = coranoid process of ulna; flexes
forearm
 Brachioradialis – or. = lateral humerus; ins.
= styloid proc. of radius; flexes forearm
Abdominal Musculature- Ref.
 Rectus abdominis – or. = pubis; ins. =
xiphisternum and anterior (ventral) ribs 57; flexes vertebral column
 Obliques (External & Internal) – or. =
inferior ribs 5-12, ilium and lumbar fascia;
ins. = linea alba or pelvis; flexes vertebral
column
 Transversus abdominis – or. = ilium,
inferior ribs 5-12; ins. = linea alba and
pubis; extends, flexes vertebral column
Pelvic Musculature- Ref.
 Tensor facia latae – or. = lateral iliac crest;
ins. = tibia via ileotibeal band; abducts thigh
 Gluteus maximus – or. = posterior iliac
crest, sacrum, & coccyx; ins. = femur;
extends thigh
 Gluteus medius & minimus – or. = ilium
(crest = medius; blade = minimus); ins. = greater
trochanter (femur); abducts thigh
 Piriformis – or. = lateral sacrum; ins. =
greater trochanter (femur); rotates thigh
Pelvic Musculature- Ref.
 Psoas major – or. = ant. T12 & L1-5
vertebrae; ins. = lesser trochanter (femur);
flexes thigh
 Iliacus – or. = anterior ileum; ins. = lesser
trochanter (femur); flexes thigh
 Pectineus – or. = pubis; ins. = proximal
medial femur; adducts thigh
 Adductor brevis & longus – or. = pubis; ins.
= middle medial femur; adducts thigh
 Adductor magnus – or. = pubis & ischium;
ins. = medial femur; adducts thigh
Thigh Musculature- Ref.
 Rectus femoris (quadriceps) – or. = ant.
ischial spine; ins. = patellar tendon/patella
to tibial tuberosity; flexes thigh, extends leg
 Vastus lateralis, intermedius, & medialis
(quadriceps) – or. = proximal femur (greater
trochanter = lateralis; anterior femur = intermedius;
medial base of neck of femur = medialis); ins. =
patellar tendon/patella to tibial tuberosity;
extends leg
 Sartorius – or. = ant. iliac spine; ins. =
medial tibial tuberosity; flexes and rotates
thigh, extends leg
Thigh Musculature- Ref.
 Biceps femoris – or. = ischial tuberosity and
proximal femur; ins. = head of fibula; extends
thigh, flexes leg, lat. rotates leg
 Semimembranosus – or. = ischial tuberosity;
ins. = posterior medial condyle of tibia; extends
thigh, flexes leg, medially rotates leg
 Semitendinosus – or. = ischial tuberosity; ins.
= proximal medial tibia; extends thigh & flexes
leg, medially rotates leg
 Gracilis – or. = pubis; ins. = proximal medial
tibia; adducts thigh, flexes leg
Leg Musculature- Ref.
 Tibialis anterior – or. = lateral condyle and
proximal anterior shaft of tibia; ins. = dorsal
metatarsal 1 & cuneiform 1; dorsiflexes foot
 Gastrocnemius – or. = condyles of distal
femur; ins. = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon;
flexes leg & plantar flexes foot
 Soleus – or. = proximal posterior shafts of tibia
& fibula; ins. = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon;
plantar flexes foot
 Fibularis longus – or. = lateral head of fibula
and lat. condyle of tibia; ins. = lateral
metatarsal 5, everts foot
Pelvic Floor Musculature-Ref
 Ischiocavernosus – or. = ischium; ins. =
pubis and conn. tissue of penis or clitoris;
assists penile and clitoral erection
 Bulbospongiosus – or. = conn. tissue of
penis or clitoris; ins. = median perineal
conn. tissue; assists penile and clitoral
erection, narrows vagina
 External anal sphincter – sphincter
around anus (attached to perineal conn.
tissue); closes anal opening
Pelvic Floor Musculature-Ref
 Levator ani – or. = pubis and ischium; ins.
= coccyx and median perineal conn.
tissue; supports pelvic viscera and can
slightly levate the anus
 Superficial transverse perineal – or. =
ischium; ins. = median perineal conn.
tissue; supports pelvic viscera
 Deep transverse perineal – or. = pubis &
ischium; ins. = median perineal conn.
tissue; supports pelvic viscera
Intervert./Rib Musculature –Ref.
 Intercostals (external & internal) –
attachments = adjacent ribs; elevate or
depress ribs
 Interspinales – attachments = adjacent
spinous processes; extend vertebral column
 Intertransversarius – attachments =
transverse processes; lateral flexion of
vertebral column
 Rotatores – attachments = transverse
processes & neural arch; lateral flexion and
rotation of vertebral column