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Medical Language Second Edition CHAPTER 2 The Body in Health and Disease Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 1. Describe approaches used to organize information about the human body. 2. Identify body directions, body cavities, body systems, and medical specialties. 3. Describe various categories of diseases. 4. Describe techniques used to perform a physical examination. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 5. Describe categories of healthcare professionals and settings in which health care is provided. 6. Give the medical meaning of word parts related to the body, health, and disease. 7. Build medical words about the body, health, and disease from word parts and divide and define words. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 8. Spell and pronounce medical words about the body, health, and disease. 9. Dive deeper into the body, health, and disease by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at Medical Terminology Interactive. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Multimedia Directory Slide 21 Slide 49 Slide 94 Slide 95 Slide 118 Slide 119 Slide 120 Slide 121 Slide 122 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Video Introduction to Body Systems Animation Hand Hygiene and Gloving Video Physical Examination Video Health Information Management Video 1 Health Information Management Video 2 Health Information Management Video 3 Health Information Management Video 4 Health Information Management Video 5 Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Body in Health • Seven different approaches for studying the body: – Body planes and body directions approach – Body cavities approach – Quadrants and regions approach – Anatomy and physiology approach – Microscopic-to-macroscopic approach – Body systems approach – Medical specialties approach Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-1 Human body in anatomical position Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Planes and Body Directions Approach • When the human body is in anatomical position, it can be studied by dividing it with planes. • A plane is an imaginary flat surface, like a plate of glass. • Three body planes: coronal plane, sagittal plane, and transverse plane. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Planes and Body Directions Approach (con't) • These body planes divide the body into front and back, right and left, and top and bottom sections. • Body directions represent movement away from or toward those planes. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Coronal Plane and Body Directions • The coronal plane (or frontal plane) is a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections. • The coronal plane is named for the coronal suture in the cranium. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-2 Coronal plane Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-3 Coronal and sagittal sutures of the cranium Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Coronal Plane and Body Directions (con't) • The front of the body is the anterior or ventral section. • The back of the body is the posterior or dorsal section. • Lying with the anterior section of the body down is being in the prone position. • Lying with the posterior section of the body down is being in the dorsal or supine position. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-4 Anterior and posterior directions Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-5 Posteroanterior direction Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions • A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections. • Named for the sagittal suture in the cranium. • If this plane divides the body at the midline into equal right and left sections, then it is a midsagittal plane. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions (con't) • If this plane divides the body anywhere to the left or right of the midline, it is a parasagittal plane. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Sagittal Plane and Body Directions (con't) • Moving from the side of the body toward the midline is moving in a medial direction, or medially. • Moving from the midline toward the side of the body is moving in a lateral direction, or laterally. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-6 Sagittal plane Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-7 Midsagittal view of the head on an MRI scan (DR Unique/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. MRI Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of MRI. There may be a brief delay before the video starts playing. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-8 Medial and lateral are directional opposites Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Transverse Plane and Body Directions • Horizontal plane that divides the body into top and bottom sections. • The upper half of the body is the superior section, and the lower half is the inferior section. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-9 Transverse plane Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Transverse Plane and Body Directions (con't) • Moving toward the head is moving in a superior direction, or superiorly. – This is also the cephalad direction. • Moving toward the tail bone is moving in an inferior direction, or inferiorly. – This is also the caudad direction. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Other Body Directions and Positions • Moving from the body toward the end of a limb (arm or leg) is moving in a distal direction, or distally. • Moving from the end of a limb toward where it is attached to the body is moving in a proximal direction, or proximally. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-10 Superior and inferior parts Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-11 Cephalad and caudad directions Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-12 Distal and proximal directions Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Other Body Directions and Positions (con't) • Structures on the surface of the body are superficial or external structures. • Structures below the surface and inside the body are deep or internal structures. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-13 External and internal positions Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Cavities Approach • The human body can be studied according to its body cavities and their internal organs. • A cavity is a hollow space that is surrounded by bones or muscles. • The cranial cavity lies within and is protected by the cranium. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Cavities Approach (con't) • The spinal cavity or spinal canal is a continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back. • The spinal cavity lies within and is protected by the bones (vertebrae) of the spinal column. • The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord, the spinal nerves, and spinal fluid. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Cavities Approach (con't) • The thoracic cavity lies within the chest and is protected by the breast bone (sternum) anteriorly, the ribs laterally, and the spinal column posteriorly. • The inferior border of the thoracic cavity is the large, muscular diaphragm that functions during respiration. • The thoracic cavity contains the lungs. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Cavities Approach (con't) • The abdominal cavity lies within the abdomen and is protected by the bones of the spinal column posteriorly. • The pelvic cavity is a continuation of the abdominal cavity and lies within and is protected by the pelvic bones anteriorly and laterally. • These two cavities are often referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-14 Body cavities Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quadrants and Regions Approach • The human body can be studied according to its quadrants and regions. • The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area can be divided into four quadrants or nine regions. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quadrants and Regions Approach (con't) • The four quadrants include: – Right upper quadrant (RUQ). – Left upper quadrant (LUQ). – Left lower quadrant (LLQ). – Right lower quadrant (RLQ). Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-15 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quadrants and Regions Approach (con't) • The nine regions include the: – – – – – – Right and left hypochondriac regions. Epigastric region. Right and left lumbar regions. Umbilical region. Right and left inguinal or iliac regions. Hypogastric region. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-16 Regions of the abdominopelvic area Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Approach • Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. • Physiology is the study of the function of those structures. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Microscopic-to-Macroscopic Approach • Most cells and cellular structures are microscopic in size and can be seen only through a microscope. • Some cells, such as a female ovum, are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. • Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-17 Using a microscope to study the human body (microscope: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.; heart muscle: Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Microscopic-to-Macroscopic Approach (con't) • Tissues and organs are macroscopic, that is, they can be seen with the naked eye. • Organs combine to form a body system. • The human body contains several different body systems. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Systems Approach • The human body can be studied according to its various organs and how they function together in a body system. – Gastrointestinal (Gl) system – Respiratory system – Cardiovascular (CV) system – Blood – Lymphatic system – Integumentary system Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Systems Approach (con't) • The human body can be studied according to its various organs and how they function together in a body system. – Skeletal system – Muscular system – Nervous system – Urinary system – Male genital and reproductive system – Female genital and reproductive system Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Body Systems Approach (con't) • The human body can be studied according to its various organs and how they function together in a body system. – Endocrine system – Eyes – Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Body Systems Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of body systems. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach • The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of medicine. • Each medical specialty includes the anatomy, physiology, diseases, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs for that body system. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Gastroenterology – Gastrointestinal system – A gastroenterologist is a physician who specializes in gastroenterology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Gastroenterology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Pulmonology – Respiratory system – A pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in pulmonology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pulmonology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Cardiology – Cardiovascular system – A cardiologist is a physician who specializes in cardiology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Hematology – Blood – A hematologist is a physician who specializes in hematology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Immunology – Blood, lymphatic system – A immunologist is a physician who specializes in immunology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Immunology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Dermatology – Integumentary system – A dermatologist is a physician who specializes in dermatology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Dermatology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Orthopedics – Skeletal system – An orthopedist is a physician who specializes in orthopedics. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Orthopedics Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Orthopedics – Muscular system Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Orthopedics Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Neurology – Nervous system – A neurologist is a physician who specializes in neurology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Neurology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Urology – Urinary system – A urologist is a physician who specializes in urology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Urology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Male Reproductive Medicine – Male genital and reproductive system – A reproductive specialist is a physician who specializes in reproductive medicine. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Male Reproductive Medicine Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Gynecology and Obstetrics – Female genital and reproductive system – A gynecologist is a physician who specializes in gynecology. A obstetrician is a physician who specializes in obstetrics. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Gynecology and Obstetrics Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Endocrinology – Endocrine system – An endocrinologist is a physician who specializes in endocrinology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Endocrinology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Ophthalmology – Eyes – An ophthalmologist is a physician who specializes in ophthalmology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Opthalmology Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Specialties Approach (con’t) • Otolaryngology – Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system – An otolaryngologist is a physician who specializes in otolaryngology. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Other Medical Specialties • Other medical specialties that are not directly related to a body system include the following: Medical Specialty Description psychiatry study and treatment of the mind oncology study and treatment of cancer radiology and nuclear medicine use of x-rays, sound waves, and other forms of radiation and energy to diagnose and treat disease dentistry study and treatment of the teeth and gums Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Other Medical Specialties (con't) Medical Specialty Description dietetics study and use of nutrition, nutrients, and diet pharmacology study of drugs used as medicines neonatology study and treatment of newborn infants pediatrics study and treatment of infants and children geriatrics study and treatment of the elderly Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Body in Disease • Preventive medicine is the healthcare specialty that focuses on keeping a person healthy and preventing disease. • Much of medical language deals with diseases and how they are diagnosed and treated. • Disease is any change in the normal structure or function of the body. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Body in Disease (con't) • The etiology is the cause or origin of a disease. • In most cases, the cause of a disease is known or can be discovered through medical testing. In some cases, the exact cause of a disease is never completely understood. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Disease Categories • • • • • • Congenital Degenerative Environmental Hereditary Iatrogenic Idiopathic Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Disease Categories (con't) • • • • Infectious Neoplastic Nosocomial Nutritional Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease • The onset of disease is often noticed because of symptoms and/or signs. • A symptom is any deviation from health that is perceived or felt by the patient. • When a symptom can be seen or detected by others, it is known as a sign. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • Symptomatology is the clinical picture of all the patient’s symptoms and signs. • A syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs associated with, and characteristic of, one particular disease. • Patients who are asymptomatic (showing no symptoms or signs) can still have a disease, but it can only be detected by medical tests. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • The physician takes a history and performs a physical examination. • For the history of the present illness, the physician asks the patient in detail about the location, onset, duration, and severity of the symptoms. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • The physician also asks about the patient’s past medical history, past surgical history, family history, social history, and history of allergies to drugs. • After taking the patient’s history, the physician performs a physical examination to look for signs of disease. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • The physician uses the following techniques (as needed) during the physical examination: inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. • After taking the patient’s history and performing the physical examination, the physician makes a diagnosis that identifies the nature and cause of the disease or condition. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-18 Inspection (S. O’Brien/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-19 Palpation (Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-20 Auscultation (Corbis RF) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-21 Percussion (Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Hand Hygiene and Gloving Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of the hand hygiene and gloving. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Physical Examination Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of the elements of physical examination techniques. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • If the physician cannot make a diagnosis, the patient is scheduled to undergo further diagnostic tests or referred to a specialist. • Symptoms and signs may be: – Acute (sudden and severe) – Subacute (less severe in intensity), or – Chronic (continuing for 3 months or more) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • An exacerbation is a sudden worsening in the severity of the symptoms or signs. • A sequela is an abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains after the original disease has resolved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • Remission is a temporary improvement in the symptoms and signs of a disease without the underlying disease being cured. • A relapse or recurrence is a return of the original symptoms and signs of the disease. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • The physician prescribes drugs or orders some type of therapy for the patient. • If the treatment is therapeutic, the symptoms or signs of the disease disappear. • A disease that is refractory (resistant) to treatment is one that does not respond to treatment. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Onset, Course, and Outcome of Disease (con't) • Certain diseases that cannot be treated with drugs or therapy may require surgery. • The prognosis is the predicted outcome of a disease. • The course of a disease can have one of three outcomes: – Recuperation or recovery – Disability – Terminal illness Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings • Physician – The leader of the healthcare team who examines the patient, orders tests, diagnoses diseases, and treats diseases by prescribing drugs or therapy. – Surgeons are physicians who complete additional training in surgery. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings (con't) • Physician – Primary care physicians (PCPs) specialize in family practice or pediatrics. – A physician who is on the medical staff of a hospital and admits a patient to the hospital is known as the attending physician. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings (con't) • Physician Extenders – PEs are healthcare professionals who work under the supervision of a physician (M.D. or D.O.). – PEs examine, diagnose, and treat patients and prescribe medications. – Physician extenders include physician’s assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs). Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings (con't) • Nurse – Allied health professional – Examines patients, makes nursing diagnoses, and administers treatments or drugs ordered by the physician. – Often gives hands-on care and focuses on the physical and emotional needs of the patient and the family. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Professionals and Healthcare Settings (con't) • Other Allied Health Professionals – Technologists – Technicians – Therapists – Dietitians – Medical assistants – Phlebotomists – Dental hygienists – Audiologists Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings • Hospital – A hospital provides care for acutely ill patients who require medical or surgical care for longer than 24 hours. – A physician must write an order in the patient’s medical record to admit or discharge the patient. – A patient in the hospital is an inpatient. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con’t) • Hospital – Ancillary departments in the hospital provide additional types of services and include radiology, physical therapy, dietary, emergency, clinical laboratory, and pharmacy. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Physician’s Office – Most frequently used healthcare setting. – A single physician (or group of physicians) maintains an office where patients are seen, diagnosed, treated, and counseled. – Some offices have their own laboratory and x-ray equipment for performing diagnostic tests. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Physician’s Office – Seriously ill patients who cannot be quickly diagnosed or adequately treated in the office are sent to a hospital. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Clinic – Provides healthcare services for just one type of patient or one type of disease. – For example, a well-baby clinic provides care to newborn infants. – Outpatient clinics are located in a hospital and their patients (outpatients) are not admitted to the hospital and do not stay overnight in the clinic. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) – An ASC is a facility where minor surgery is performed and the patient does not stay overnight. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Long-Term Care Facility – A residential facility for elderly or disabled persons who are unable to care for themselves – Provides 24-hour nursing care – Persons in long-term care facilities are residents rather than patients. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) – Long-term care facility that provides a high level of medical and nursing care for patients recently discharged from the hospital. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Home Health Agency – Provides a range of healthcare services to persons (clients) in their homes when they are unable to come to a physician’s office or clinic and do not want to live in a long-term care facility. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 2-22 Home Health Nurse (Andy Levin/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Healthcare Settings (con't) • Hospice – A facility for patients who are dying from a terminal illness – Their physicians have certified that they have less than 6 months to live – Hospice services include: Palliative care Counseling Emotional support for the patient and family Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Abbreviations Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Health Information Management Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of health information management. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Health Information Management Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of professional organizations and health information management. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Health Information Management Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of medical terminology and health information management. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Health Information Management Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of education and health information management. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Health Information Management Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ethical situations and health information management. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Back to Directory Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.