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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11: Endocrine System Directions: Follow the instructions below. Work with your table partner. After discussing the question and answer with your table partner, write your own, individual, answer in your notebook. Please answer thoroughly and ask questions if you are confused. 1. Look at the diagram on p. 297 (fig. 11.18) 2. What does the diagram depict? Body’s response to stress 3. What do the blue arrows indicate? Hormonal signals from Endocrine System 4. What do the yellow arrows indicate? Neural signals from Nervous System 5. What are 6 different short-term effects? Blood glucose increases, Blood glycerol and fatty acids increase, Heart rate increases, Blood pressure rises, Breathing rate increases, Air passages dilate, Pupils dilate, Blood flow redistributes 6. What are 2 long-term effects? Increase in blood concentration of amino acids, increased release of fatty acids, increased glucose formed from noncarbohydrates--amino acids (from proteins) and glycerol (from fatty acids) 7. What are 4 systems that are affected by this? Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Muscular (pupils), Nervous, Endocrine 8. What are 3 glands involved? Hypothalamus, Pituitary (anterior), Adrenal (medulla and cortex) 9. What does CRH stand for? Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone 10. Using the diagram and section 11.11, what are 4 different categories of stressors? Give 2 examples for each category. a. Physical--heat,cold, decrease in oxygen, infection, injury, prolonged heavy exercise, loud sounds b. Psychological—thoughts about real or imagined dangers, personal losses, unpleasant social interactions c. Feelings—anger, grief, anxiety, depression, guilt d. Pleasant stimuli—friendly social contact, joy, happiness, sexual arousal 11. What is general adaptation syndrome? Stress response 12. What gland controls the general adaptation syndrome? 1 modified 5/6/2017 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11: Endocrine System Hypothalamus 13. What would reverse the alarm and resistance stages? If the stimulus was removed (see #10), or if the epinephrine, norepinephrine, CRH, ACTH, and cortisol were reduced in quantity. 14. Re-draw this as a negative feedback mechanism. Use figure 11.17 to help you with format. Be sure to include: STIMULUS, RECEPTORS, CONTROL CENTER, EFFECTORS, RESPONSE . Answers will vary, but drawing should look like the figure 8 example from fig. 11.17 15. Why do you think this was not written as a negative feedback mechanism originally in the text? There were numerous effects and numerous hormones involved, rather than 2 like in the glucagon, insulin example on p. 295. However there is a version of this as a negative feedback mechanism on p. 291 of the text. 16. Read the Clinical Connection on p. 299. What hormones are likely responsible for PTSD? Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenalin) 17. What areas of the brain are likely involved in PTSD? What evidence supports this conclusion? Amygdala (feelings of fear arise) and hippocampus (memory) 18. What is the reason counselors are called to schools after natural disasters or other crises? Research has shown that talking through crises or emergencies after the event help to confront fear and an individual is less likely to develop PTSD in these conditions. 19. How does the experimental drug, propranolol, prevent PTSD? By lowering levels of stress hormones, specifically epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine. 20. What would be some potential solutions or treatments for people who suffer from anxiety? Do you think these would be the same as those for PTSD? Why or why not? Answers will vary. Likely you could interfere with the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, although you could also interfere with the CRH, ACTH, and Cortisol to keep down long-term effects. It is not likely treatment would be identical, although there would be similarities as the same hormones are involved, but PTSD is a more extreme case. If drug treatment could reduce the production of these hormones, the same treatment might work by preventing PTSD before it ever occurs. 2 modified 5/6/2017