Download Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11: Endocrine System Directions

Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 11: Endocrine System
Directions: Follow the instructions below. Work with your table partner. After discussing
the question and answer with your table partner, write your own, individual, answer in your
notebook. Please answer thoroughly and ask questions if you are confused.
1. Look at the diagram on p. 297 (fig. 11.18)
2. What does the diagram depict?
Body’s response to stress
3. What do the blue arrows indicate?
Hormonal signals from Endocrine System
4. What do the yellow arrows indicate?
Neural signals from Nervous System
5. What are 6 different short-term effects?
Blood glucose increases, Blood glycerol and fatty acids increase, Heart rate increases,
Blood pressure rises, Breathing rate increases, Air passages dilate, Pupils dilate, Blood
flow redistributes
6. What are 2 long-term effects?
Increase in blood concentration of amino acids, increased release of fatty acids,
increased glucose formed from noncarbohydrates--amino acids (from proteins) and
glycerol (from fatty acids)
7. What are 4 systems that are affected by this?
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Muscular (pupils), Nervous, Endocrine
8. What are 3 glands involved?
Hypothalamus, Pituitary (anterior), Adrenal (medulla and cortex)
9. What does CRH stand for?
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
10. Using the diagram and section 11.11, what are 4 different categories of stressors?
Give 2 examples for each category.
a. Physical--heat,cold, decrease in oxygen, infection, injury, prolonged heavy
exercise, loud sounds
b. Psychological—thoughts about real or imagined dangers, personal losses,
unpleasant social interactions
c. Feelings—anger, grief, anxiety, depression, guilt
d. Pleasant stimuli—friendly social contact, joy, happiness, sexual arousal
11. What is general adaptation syndrome?
Stress response
12. What gland controls the general adaptation syndrome?
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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 11: Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
13. What would reverse the alarm and resistance stages?
If the stimulus was removed (see #10), or if the epinephrine, norepinephrine, CRH,
ACTH, and cortisol were reduced in quantity.
14. Re-draw this as a negative feedback mechanism. Use figure 11.17 to help you with
format. Be sure to include: STIMULUS, RECEPTORS, CONTROL CENTER,
EFFECTORS, RESPONSE .
Answers will vary, but drawing should look like the figure 8 example from fig. 11.17
15. Why do you think this was not written as a negative feedback mechanism originally
in the text?
There were numerous effects and numerous hormones involved, rather than 2 like in
the glucagon, insulin example on p. 295. However there is a version of this as a
negative feedback mechanism on p. 291 of the text.
16. Read the Clinical Connection on p. 299. What hormones are likely responsible for
PTSD?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenalin)
17. What areas of the brain are likely involved in PTSD? What evidence supports this
conclusion?
Amygdala (feelings of fear arise) and hippocampus (memory)
18. What is the reason counselors are called to schools after natural disasters or other
crises?
Research has shown that talking through crises or emergencies after the event help to
confront fear and an individual is less likely to develop PTSD in these conditions.
19. How does the experimental drug, propranolol, prevent PTSD?
By lowering levels of stress hormones, specifically epinephrine (adrenalin) and
norepinephrine.
20. What would be some potential solutions or treatments for people who suffer from
anxiety? Do you think these would be the same as those for PTSD? Why or why not?
Answers will vary. Likely you could interfere with the production of epinephrine and
norepinephrine, although you could also interfere with the CRH, ACTH, and Cortisol
to keep down long-term effects. It is not likely treatment would be identical, although
there would be similarities as the same hormones are involved, but PTSD is a more
extreme case. If drug treatment could reduce the production of these hormones, the
same treatment might work by preventing PTSD before it ever occurs.
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