Download The Cardiorespiratory System

BELLWORK
 From
what you already know, name
the 3 major components of the
circulatory system.
1
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Chapter 15
Bleeding and Shock
Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter,
you should be able to:




Describe the cardiorespiratory system
List the components of the circulatory
system
Explain how blood circulates throughout
the body
Explain blood pressure and pulse
3
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Objectives (cont’d.)

Upon completion of this chapter,
you should be able to (cont’d.):



Explain what is meant by standard
precautions
Define the three basic types of bleeding
Explain the dangers associated with
shock
4
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2010
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4
The Cardiorespiratory System

Includes functions of the heart, blood vessels,
circulation, and gas exchange between the blood and
atmosphere

Heart pumps blood through the body through pathways (e.g.,
arteries, veins, and capillaries)
 Blood is enriched with oxygen when it passes through lungs
 As oxygen enters the bloodstream, carbon dioxide leaves it
(i.e., respiration)
5
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The Circulatory System

Course taken by blood through arteries,
capillaries, and veins and back to the
heart

Uses blood to transport dissolved materials
throughout the body (e.g., oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, waste)
6
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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

The heart


Two major circulations
 Each has its own pump
 Both pumps are
incorporated into the
heart
Heart structure

Primarily a shell with four
chambers inside
7
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Heart Facts

Right side of heart pumps blood through lungs;
left side pumps blood through the body

Size of closed fist

Weighs less than a pound

Beats 100,000 times each day!

Pumps 8,000 gallons of blood each day
8
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Structure of the Heart

Atria (2)—upper chambers of
the heart

Ventricles (2)—lower chambers
of heart

Septum—separates left & right
side

Aorta—main artery; carries
blood to the body

Pulmonary artery—connects
heart to lungs
9
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Order of Blood Flow
10
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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

Blood




Only tissue that flows throughout the body
Carries oxygen and nutrients to all body parts
Transports waste products back to the lungs,
kidneys, and liver for disposal
Crucial for fluid & temperature balance
11
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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

Plasma




Yellowish liquid part of blood
River in which blood cells travel
Makes up 55% of blood's total
volume
Also carries nutrients, waste
products, antibodies, clotting
proteins, chemical messengers,
and proteins
12
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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

Red blood cells



Highly specialized cells
“Stripped” of everything that might
get in the way of transporting
oxygen
Hemoglobin

Picks up oxygen in areas where it
is abundant and releases it in
tissues where oxygen is low
13
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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

White blood cells



Five kinds: neutrophils, monocytes,
lymphocytes, eosinophils, and
basophils
Leave bloodstream to attack
invaders @ site of infection
Platelets

Release agents to help initiate
clotting and protect integrity of the
vasculature
14
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The Circulatory System (cont’d.)

Blood vessels


Hollow tubes, running throughout the body,
through which blood circulates
Types:
 Arteries: carry blood from heart 
organs
 Arterioles: smallest of the arteries
 Veins: carry blood back to heart
 Venules: smallest of the veins
 Capillaries: tiny vessels that connect
arteries to veins
15
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The Circulatory System
(cont’d.)

Coronary arteries


Heart’s own system of blood vessels
Provide blood & oxygen to the heart
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Pulse Points
Principal Artery
Area Served
Common carotid
Face
Brachial
Upper arm & elbow
Radial
Arm, wrist
Femoral
Groin
Popliteal
Knee area
Dorsalis pedis
Ankle
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BELLWORK

What are the blood vessels that carry
blood away from the heart?

What are the upper and lower
chambers of the heart called?

Describe the order of blood flow,
starting in the lungs.
18
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2010
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Extra Credit for Chp. 14 Test
 Monday, immediately after class—30 minutes
 20 Fill-in-the-Blank questions ONLY!
 Must make 80% or higher
 Average with grade on Chp. 14 Test




15 F’s 
2 D’s
2 C’s
4 B’s
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19
DID YOU KNOW?...

The average adult body holds 8-10 pints of blood—a
loss of 2 pints can have serious consequences!

It takes 5 to 15 minutes for blood to clot

If you laid out all the blood vessels in the body from
end to end, they would stretch 60,000 miles!
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The Heart’s Conduction System

Cardiac conduction system

Made up of specialized cells within heart muscle
tissue
 Carries electrical signals to muscle cells throughout
the heart
 Signals trigger muscles to contract and pump blood
throughout the body
21
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The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.)

Blood pressure



Systolic
 Highest pressure
 Corresponds to ventricle contraction
Diastolic
 Lowest pressure
 Represents ventricle relaxation
Avg. Blood Pressure:
120/80 mm/Hg
Pulse pressure

Difference between systolic and diastolic
22
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The Heart’s Conduction System (cont’d.)

Pulse


Target heart rate


Rhythmical beating of the heart
Range of percentages of
maximum heart rate safe to
reach during exercise
*Blood pressure & pulse rate
are normally lower in athletes
23
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BELLWORK

What is the top number in a blood pressure
reading?

What is the bottom number in a blood
pressure reading?

How do you calculate pulse pressure?
24
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Calculating Target HR
 220
– age = Max HR
 (Max
HR) x 50% = lowest target HR
 (Max
HR) x 85% = highest target HR
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Target Heart Rate
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Body Substance Isolation

Protective equipment
includes:
 Sterile gloves
 Protective eyewear
 Surgical mask
27
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OSHA Guidelines for Infectious
Disease Control

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)



Monitors outbreaks of infections
Advises on how to handle and control disease spread
Standard precautions


Infection-control guidelines
Designed to protect workers from exposure to diseases
spread by blood and bodily fluids
28
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Standard Precautions

Wash hands before &
after patient contact

Place all syringes in
Sharps container

Treat blood of all
patients as infectious


Treat all linens soiled
with bodily fluid as
infectious
Wear protective
eyewear and masks, if
needed

Wear a mask if there
is a risk of infection by
airborne organism

Wear gloves
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Wound Care

Principles:



Irrigate wound with clean, cool water
Gently wash with mild soap (superficial cuts)
All foreign particles must be removed or infection will
result
 Minor cuts and abrasions should be washed, dried
with a sterile gauze sponge, treated with a first-aid
cream, and covered with a sterile bandage
30
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Wound Care (cont’d.)

Proper bandaging and
dressing of a wound will
ensure proper healing
and infection control

Two primary types of
dressings:


Gauze
Occlusive
31
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Bleeding

Three basic types of bleeding:
- Arterial  bright red, spurting; most severe
- Venous  bluish-red, steady; less severe
- Capillary  slow, oozing; easy to control
32
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Bleeding (con’t)
Capillary
Venous
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Arterial
33
*Matching Exercise*
Each group will come up with a 10
question matching exercise, using
the definitions so far in this chapter.
You must submit an answer sheet to
Ms. Tillman. Another group will
take your “quiz” for up to 5 Eagle
Points!
34
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2010
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BELLWORK

Name the three different types of
bleeding.

Name the various types of wound
care supplies.
35
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Shock

Circulation system fails to send blood to all
parts of the body; precursor to death

Main types:


Hemorrhagic shock
 Loss of blood from an injury
Respiratory shock
 Lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to blood
36
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Shock (cont’d.)

Main types (cont’d.):



Neurogenic shock
 Loss of vascular control by the nervous system
Cardiogenic shock
 Inadequate functioning of the heart
Metabolic shock
 Severe loss of bodily fluids
 Heat-related illnesses
37
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Shock (cont’d.)

Main types (cont’d.):



Anaphylactic shock
 Severe allergic reaction
Septic shock
 Life-threatening reaction to a severe infection
Psychogenic shock
 Physiological response to fear, stress, or emotional
crisis that causes the person to faint
38
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Shock (cont’d.)

Signs and symptoms include:






Restlessness and anxiety
weak and rapid pulse
cold and clammy skin
profuse sweating
pale face or cyanotic (blue)
around the mouth
shallow respirations





dull eyes with dilated
pupils
thirst
nausea and vomiting
blood pressure that falls
gradually and steadily
loss of consciousness
39
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Shock (cont’d.)

General care and treatment



Critical for the victim’s well-being
Follow general guidelines
Goal is to keep the victim from getting worse
 Proper care, and reassuring the victim, will help meet
this objective
40
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General Guidelines for
Treating Shock

Maintain clear airway

Control all bleeding

Elevate extremities 12 inches

Splint fractures

Avoid excessive handling

Prevent loss of body heat
(blanket)

Keep victim in supine
position

DO NOT give victim
food or drink

Record vitals every 5 min

Keep the victim calm

Call 911 immediately!
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Conclusion

The cardiorespiratory system is responsible for
the function of the heart, blood vessels,
circulation, and breathing

Anyone working with athletes must take
preventive measures for protection against
bloodborne pathogens and other diseases
42
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Conclusion (cont’d.)

There are three basic types of bleeding: arterial,
venous, and capillary

All types require immediate care to prevent shock and
infection
43
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