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Chapter 27
The Skeletal System
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The Major Bones of the Body
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The Human Skull
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Bones of the Hands and Feet
Phalanges are your fingers and toes
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Two Divisions of the Skeletal System
Axial skeleton
– Made up of the spinal column, skull, and rib cage
– True ribs are the first pair of 7 ribs in the rib cage
– False ribs are the last 5 pair of ribs in the rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
– Made up of the arms, legs, hands, feet, shoulders,
and pelvis
– The scapula is your shoulder blade
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Six Functions of the Skeletal System
Supports the body
Protects the vital organs
Provides a point for muscle attachment
Gives shape to the body
Forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets
Bones store the calcium needed for heartbeat,
muscle contraction, and clotting
The Divisions of the Spinal Column
The wing-like side
projections of a typical
vertebra is called the
transverse processes
Intervertebral cartilage
disks separate the bones of
the spinal cord
The foramina is the opening
between the vertebrae
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The Structure of Long Bones
•
•
Periosteum is the tough
membrane that covers the
surface of the bone
Hollow cylinders made up of
three regions:
– Diaphysis: the long part or
shaft
– Epiphysis: the ends of the
bone
– Metaphysis: link between
diaphysis and epiphysis
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How Long Bones Grow
• Early in life the ends of the bones (epiphysis)
are mainly cartilage.
• Later, the cartilage becomes a strip that
permits new tissue growth and bone length.
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Fontanels
• Large diamond-shaped anterior areas where
the frontal and parietal bones of the skull
meet and the triangular space posteriorly
where the occipital bones meet the parietal
bones of the skull are known as the fontanels
or soft spots
• Allow for compression during delivery and for
growth during childhood
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3 Kinds of Synovial Joints
• Joints are found wherever two bones come
together in the body to permit movement
– Diarthrosis: freely movable joint, such as the knee
or elbow
– Amphiarthrosis: partially movable joint, such as
where the ribs attach to the spine
– Synarthosis: immovable joints, such as the cranial
sutures in the skull
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Parts of Synovial Joints
• An arthroscopy is used for direct visual inspection of
a joint
• Articular cartilage
– Slippery surface that enables the joint to absorb
shock during movement
• Bursa
– Saclike capsules that hold synovial fluid
• Synovial cavity
– Lubricates joints and reduces friction
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Types of Fractures
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Types of Fractures
• Fractures occur when the bone breaks either
partially or completely.
• Fractures can only be diagnosed by x-rays, CT
scans, or MRI.
• X-rays are most frequently used to evaluate
conditions of the bones.
• Need to know the different types of fractures
from the page before this one.
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Treatment for a Fracture
• Immobilization of the affected part and
prevention of shock are the primary concerns.
• Elevation, splinting, casting, and/or surgical
repair may be required to realign the broken
ends of the bone.
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The Healing Process of a Fracture
• A hematoma forms at the fracture site and
this begins the inflammatory reaction that
initiates healing.
• A fibrous bridge begins to form between bone
fragments.
• Cells in this bridge begin to accumulate
calcium and form a callus that forms new
bone.
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The Healing Process of a Fracture
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Fatty Embolus
• A mass of foreign matter that circulates within
blood vessels as a complication from the
fracture of a long bone
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Amputation
• The surgical removal of an extremity
• May be the result of trauma, tumors, lack of
circulation, or disease complications
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Phantom Limb Sensation
• Following amputation, a patient may
experience the sensation that the missing limb
is still present; this is described as a phantom
limb condition.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Compression of the median nerve at the wrist
that results from repetitive motion
• The nerve becomes compressed and causes
severe pain, tingling, numbness, and
weakness of the hand.
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Congenital Hip Dysplasia
• Hip abnormality present at birth that may
affect one or both joints
– Unstable: Hip is easily dislocated.
– Incomplete: The head of the femur is on the edge
of the hip socket.
– Complete: The head of the femur is completely
outside the hip socket.
– A sign is a “duck waddle”
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Dislocation and Epicondylitis
• Dislocation
– Displacement of bones in a joint so that the
regularly meeting surfaces are no longer in
contact with each other
• Epicondylitis
– Inflammation of the forearm extensor tendon
where it attaches to the humerus
– Also called tennis elbow
– *Experience pain at the elbow.
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Gout and Bunions
• Gout
– A metabolic disease that results in severe joint
pain, especially at night, and is often associated
with another disease, such as Leukemia.
– usually affects the great toe as the result of
deposits of uric acid salts in the joint
• Hallux valgus
– Called bunions; the lateral deviation of the great
toe with enlargement of the first metatarsal head
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Osteoporosis
• Metabolic bone disorder that results in the
loss of bone mass
• Loss of calcium and phosphorus causes the
bones to become brittle and break easily
• Generally affects women after menopause
(lack of estrogen)
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Osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis
The cause of primary Osteoporosis is
believed to be a combination of
-aging
-faulty metabolism because of
estrogen deficiency
-sedentary lifestyle
Sprain and Subluxation
• Sprain
– Complete or incomplete tear in the supporting
ligaments of a joint that results in pain, swelling,
and black and blue discolorations
• Subluxation
– Partial or incomplete dislocation of articulating
surfaces at joints that can result in deformity, pain,
and loss of motion
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Osteoarthritis
Symptoms are
-joint pain
-stiffness
-fluid around the joint
Spinal Curvatures
• Kyphosis
– Humpback; posterior curvature or bowing of the back that
usually occurs in the thoracic spine resulting from
improper vertebral alignment.
– There are 2 types of kyphosis; adolescent and adult
• Lordosis
– Anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
– Obvious visual symptom is excessive inward curvature of
the lumbar portion of the back.
• Scoliosis
– Lateral curvature of the spine usually in the thoracic
region, associated with rotation of the spinal column.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Results from a fault in the immune system
that causes it to attack the joint membranes
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