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Glossary
802.3 – The IEEE specification within project 802 for collision Sense
Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA / CD) networks.
Access control – A method to impose controls that permit or deny users
access to network resources, usually based on a user’s account or some
group to which the user belongs.
Active hub – A network device that regenerates received signals and
sends them along the network.
Active Server Pages – A technology promoted by Microsoft for creating
dynamic Web pages.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – A protocol in TCP/IP that accepts
the IP address and returns the corresponding physical address of a
computer or router.
Addressing – The mechanism of assigning an address to a computer.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – ANSI creates and
publishes standards for networking, communications, and programming
languages.
Amplifier – A hardware device that increases the power of electrical
signals to maintain their original strength when transmitted across a large
network.
Amplitude – The strength of a signal, measured in volts or amperes.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) – An analog-to-analog encoding mechanism
of modifying the carrier wave with the amplitude of the incoming signal.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) – A digital-to-analog encoding mechanism
of modifying the amplitude of the carrier wave to represent the digital bit
values.
Analog – The method of signal transmission used on broadband networks.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (A-D) – A device that accepts analog
pulses, and gives out digital bit information.
Application layer – Layer 7 in the OSI reference model. The application
layer provides interfaces to permit applications to request and received
network services.
Application Server – A specialized network server whose job is to provide
access to a client/server application, and, sometimes, the data that belongs
to that application as well.
Asynchronous – A communication method that sends data in a stream
with start and stop bits indicates where the data begins and ends.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) – A WAN technology that uses
fiber–optic media to support up to 622–Mbps transmission rates. ATM uses
no error checking and has a 53–byte fixed–length cell.
Asynchronous transmission –A mechanism of data transmission in which
the sender and the receiver do not require to synchronize before
transmission begins; the sender can transmit the message at any time.
ATM Layer – The second layer in the ATM protocol.
Attenuation – The degradation and distortion of an electronic signal as it
travels from its origin.
Authentication – Establishing a proof of identity before communication
can begin.
Bandwidth – The range of frequencies that a communications medium can
carry.
Best effort delivery – A delivery mechanism that attempts to, but gives
no guarantee of, the successful delivery of packet.
Binary coded Decimal (BCD) – An encoding mechanism that uses four
bits to encode each digit.
Bit – Binary digit can have a value of 0 or 1.
Bit rate – The transmission rate in case of digital signals, usually
represented in Bits per second (BPS).
Bits Per Second (BPS) – See Bit rate.
Bridge – A networking device that works at the Data Link Layer of the OSI
model. It filters traffic according to the packet’s hardware destination
address is on.
British Naval Connector (BNC) – Also known as bayonet nut connector,
bayonet navy connector or bayonet Neill-Concelman connector. This is a
matching pair of coaxial cable connectors consists of a ferrule around a
hollow pin with a pair of guideposts on the outside.
Broadband ISDN (B – ISDN) – ISDN that offers high data rates, suitable
for video transmission.
BRouter – A networking device that combines the best functionality of a
bridge and a router.
It routes packets that include Network layer
information and bridges all other packets.
Browser– based emails – A technology that allows end users to access
emails using the web browser interface.
Browsing – Accessing Web pages with the help of a web browser.
Bus - A Major network topology in which the computers connector to a
backbone cable segment to form a straight line.
Bus topology – A network arrangement where in all the computers are
attached to a shared medium.
Byte – Usually, but not always, a combination of eight bits.
Cable modem – A device that allows the transmission of Internet data
over cable television networks.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) –
A connection-based channel access method in which computers avoid
collisions by broadcasting their intent to send data.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) –
A
Connection-based channel access method in which computers avoid
collisions by listening to the network before sending data.
Cladding – A nontransparent layer of plastic or glass material inside fiberoptic that surrounds the inner core of glass or plastic fibers.
Client – A computer on a network that requests resources or services from
some other computer.
Client/server – A model for computing in which some computers (clients)
request services and others (servers) respond to such requests for services.
Client/server computing – A computing environment in which the
processing is divided between the client and the server.
Coaxial cable – A type of cable that uses a center conductor, wrapped by
an insulating layer, surrounded by a braided wire mesh and an outer
jacket, to carry high-bandwidth signals such as network traffic.
Collision – Occurs when two computers put data on the cable at the same
time. This corrupts the electronic signals in the packet and causes data
loss.
Combination Network – A network that incorporates both peer-to-peer
and server based capabilities.
Communication server – A specialized network server that provides
access to resources on the network for users not directly attached to the
network.
Compression – Reduction of message size without impacting its contents
to reduce transmission demands.
Congestion – Slow state of the network caused by too many senders,
receivers or transmission.
Congestion Control – A technique for monitoring network utilization and
manipulating transmission to keep traffic levels from overwhelming the
network medium; gets its name because it avoids “network traffic jams”.
Connection-oriented – A type of protocol that establishes a formal
connection between two computers, guaranteeing the data will reach its
destination.
Connectionless – A type of protocol that sends the data across the
network to its destination without guaranteeing receipt.
Crosstalk – A phenomenon that occurs when two wires lay against each
other in parallel. Signals traveling down one wire can interfere with signals
traveling down the other and vice versa.
Cryptography – The art of encoding and decoding messages so as to
product the contents of the messages from the eyes of those not authorized
to read them.
CPU – An abbreviation for Central Processing Unit, the collection of circuitry
(a single chip on most PC’s) that supplies the “brains” for most computers.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) – The CRC is calculated before
transmission of a data frame and then included with the frame; on receipt,
the CRC is recalculated and compared to the sent value.
Data channel –
The cables and infrastructure of a network.
Data (D) channel – An ISDN channel used primarily for carrying control
signals, which can also be used for low– speed data transfers.
Data Encryption Standard (DES) – A symmetric key encryption
algorithm, originally developed by IBM.
Data Link control (DLC) – A network protocol used mainly by HewlettPackard printers and IBM Mainframes attached to a network.
Data Link Layer – Layer 2 in the OSI reference model. This layer is
responsible for managing access to the networking medium and for
ensuring error-free delivery of data frames from sender to receiver.
Dedicated Server – A network server that acts only as a server and is not
intended for regular use as a client machine.
Delta modulation – A modified version of Pulse Code Modulation, which
measures only changes to adjacent signal values.
Demodulator – Opposite of modulator, this equipment transforms analog
signals to digital values.
Demultiplexer – Opposite of multiplexer, this equipment separates
multiple signals on a single medium to obtain individual signals.
Device Driver – A software program that mediates communication
between an operating system and a specific device for the purpose of
sending and/or receiving input and output from that device.
Device sharing – A primary purpose for networking: permitting users to
share access to devices of all kinds, including servers and peripherals such
as printers and plotters.
Diagram – The term used to describe a network’s design.
Digital – An encoding mechanism that consists of discrete values.
Digital–to–Analog Converter (D–A) – Equipment that transforms digital
pulses into analog signals.
Distortion – Distortion resulting from non – uniform speed of transmission
of the various frequency components of a signal through a transmission
medium.
Domain – A uniquely named collection of user accounts and resources that
share a common security database.
Domain Controller – On networks based on Windows NT server or
windows 2000 Server, a directory server that also provides access controls
over users, accounts, groups, computers, and other network resources.
Domain model – A network based on Windows NT Server or Windows
2000 Server whose security and access controls reside in a domain
controller.
Domain Name System (DNS) – A TCP/IP protocol used to associate a
computer’s IP address with a name.
Dual bus – Two buses.
Duplication control – Mechanism that prevents processing of duplicate
packets.
e-mail – An abbreviation for electronic mail, a networked application that
permits users to send text messages, with or without attachments of many
kinds, to individual or multiple users.
Encryption – The mechanism of encoding messages to achieve security
objectives.
Error control – Detection of errors in transmission.
Error-handling – The process of recognizing and responding to network
transmission or reception errors. These errors are usually interminable
delivery (time-out), incorrect delivery.
Ethernet – A networking technology developed in the early 1970s and
governed by the IEEE 802.3 specification. Ethernet remains the most
popular type of networking technology in use today.
Ethernet 802.2 – Ethernet frame type used by IPX / SPX on Novell Net
Ware 3.12 and 4.x networks.
Ethernet 802.3 – Ethernet frame type generally used by IPX / SPX on
Novell Netware 2.x and 3.x networks.
Ethernet II – Ethernet frame type used by TCP / IP.
Even parity – A error detection mechanism based on the total number of 1
s in a message being 0.
Exchange Server – A Back office component from Microsoft that acts as a
sophisticated e-mail server.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) – An
encoding scheme used primarily in IBM mainframes.
Extended LAN – The result of certain wireless bridges ability to expand
the span of a LAN as far as three to 25 miles. Microsoft calls the resulting
networks “extended LANs”.
Fast Ethernet – The 100 - Mbps implementation of standard Ethernet.
Fault Tolerance – A feature of a system, which allows it to continue
working after an unexpected hardware or software failure.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) – A limited–distance linking
technology that uses dual, counter-rotating fiber-optic rings to provide 100Mbps fault-tolerant transmission rates.
Fiber-optic – A cabling technology that uses pulses of light sent along a
light conducting fiber at the heart of the cable to transfer information from
sender to receiver.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – A TCP / IP-based networked file transfer
application, with an associated protocol. It’s widely used on the Internet to
copy files from one machine on a network to another.
Firewall – A special Internet server than sits between an Internet link and
a private network, which filters both incoming and outgoing network traffic.
Flow Control – An action designed to regulate the transfer of information
between a sender and a receiver.
Fragmentation – The process of breaking a long PDU from a higher layer
into a sequence of shorter PDUs for a lower layer, ultimately for
transmission as a sequence of data frames across the networking medium.
Frame – Used interchangeably with “data frame”, the basic package of bits
that represents a PDU sent from one computer to another across a
network.
Frame Relay – A WAN technology that offers transmission rates of 56Kbps
to 10544 Mbps. Frame relay uses no error checking.
Frame Type – One of four standards that define the structure of an
Ethernet packet: Ethernet 802.3, Ethernet 802.2, Ethernet SNAP, or
Ethernet II.
Frequency – The number of times a signal changes its value in one
second.
Frequency modulation (FM) – An analog–to–analog encoding method in
which the frequency of the carrier wave is a function of the modulating
wave.
Full-duplex Communications – A type of network communication in
which a pair of networked devices can send and receive data at any given
time providing two-way communications.
Gateway – A networking device that translates information between
protocols or between completely different networks, such as from TCP / IP
to SNA.
Gigabit Ethernet – An IEEE standard (802.3z) that allows for 1000-Mbps
transmission using CSMA / CD and Ethernet frames.
Go–back–n – An error–control mechanism in which all the frames
including and after the one in error must be retransmitted.
Group – Combination of smaller transmission lines.
Half-duplex Communications – A type of network communication in
which only one member of a pair of networked devices can transmit data at
any given time.
Hertz (Hz, KHz, MHz, GHz) – A measure of broadcast frequencies, in
cycles per second; named after Heinrich Hertz, one of the inventors of radio
communications.
Hexadecimal – A mathematical notation for representing numbers in base
16. The number 10 through 15 are expressed as A through F; 10th or 0x10
(both notations indicate the number is hexadecimal) equals 16.
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) – A synchronous communication
protocol.
Hub – The central concentration point of a star network.
Hybrid Network – A network that incorporates both peer-to-peer and
server based capabilities.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) – The language used to create
documents for the WWW.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – The protocol used by the WWW
to transfer files.
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) – Originally an 8-bit PC bus
architecture but upgraded to 16-bit with the introduction of the IBM PC / AT
in 1984.
Infrared – That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately
below visible light. Infrared frequencies are popular for short – to medium –
range (10s of meters to 40 km) point – to – point network connections.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – An
Engineering Organization that issues standards for electrical and electronic
devices, including network interfaces, cabling, and connectors.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) – A WAN technology that
offers increments of 64-Kbps connections, most often used by SOHO (small
office/home office) users.
International Standardization Organization (ISO) – The international
standards-setting body, based in Geneva, Switzerland, that sets worldwide
technology standards. Also called International Standards Organization.
Internet – The global collection of networked computers that began with
technology and equipment funded by the U.S. Department of Defense in
the 1970’s.
Internet Browser – A graphical tool designed to read HTML documents
and access the WWW, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape
Navigator.
Internet Information Server (IIS) – A Microsoft Back office component
that acts as a Web-server in the Windows NT Server environment.
Internet Information Services (IIS) – The Windows 2000 version of
Internet Information server.
Internet Protocol (IP) – TCP / IP’s primary network protocol, which
provides addressing and routing information.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) – A company that connects its clients to
the Internet.
Intranets – An in-house TCP / IP – based network, for use within
accompany.
Industry Request Line (IRQ) – IRQs define the mechanism whereby a
peripheral device of any kind, including a network adapter, can stake a
claim on the PC’s attention called “interrupt”.
Jacket – The outermost layer of a cable.
Jitter – A tendency toward lack of synchronization caused by mechanical or
electrical changes.
Latency – The amount of time a signal takes to travel from one end of a
cable to the other.
Layers – The functional subdivisions of the OSI reference model. The
model defines each layer in terms of the services and data it handles on
behalf of the layer directly above it and the layer directly below it.
Local Area Network (LAN) – A collection of computers and other
networked devices that fit within the scope of a single physical network and
provide the building blocks for internetworks and WANs.
Local host – A special DNS host name that refers whatever IP address is
assigned to the machine where this name is referenced.
MAC address – The unique address programmed into a NIC that the MAC
layer handles. The MAC address identifies the NIC on any network in which
it appears.
Mail servers – A networked server that manages the flow of e-mail
messages for network users.
Media Access Control (MAC) - The longest legal segment of cable that a
particular networking technology permits. This limitation makes sure for
network designers and installers that the entire network can send and
receive signals properly.
Mesh – A hybrid network topology use for fault tolerance in which all
computers connect to each other.
Mesh Topology – A topology in which each node is connected to every
other node.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) - Uses WAN technologies to
interconnect LANs within a specific geographic region, such as a country or
a city.
Microwave – Electromagnetic waves ranging from 2 GHZ to 40 GHZ.
Modem (Modulator/Demodulator) – Used by computers to convert
digital signals to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines. The
receiving computer then converts the analog signals to digital signals.
Multicast packet – A packet that uses a special network address to make
itself readable to any receiving computer that wants to read its payload.
Multicast packets.
Multiplexer – The device that is used in multiplexing.
Multiplexing – The networking technology
communications on a single cable segment.
that
combines
several
Network Adapter – A synonym for network interface card (NIC). It refers
to the hardware device that mediates communication between a computer
and one or more types of networking media.
Network Address – The number that identifies the physical address of a
computer on a network. This address is hard-wired into the computer’s
NIC.
Network Administrator – An individual responsible for installing,
configuring, and maintaining a network, usually a server-based network
such as Windows 2000 Server or Novell Netware.
Network Card – A synonym for network interface card (NIC).
Network File System (NFS) – A distributed file system originally
developed at Sun Microsystems. It supports network-based file and printer
sharing using TCP/IP- based network protocols.
Network Interface Card (NIC) – A PC adapter board designed to permit
a computer to be attached to one or more types of networking media.
Network Layer – The Network Layer handles addressing and routing of
PDUs across internetworks in which multiple networks must be traversed
between sender and receiver.
Network Protocol – A set of rules for communicating
across a network. To communicate successfully across a network, two
computers must share a common protocol.
Network Resources – Any kind of device, information, or service available
across a network.
Node – An addressable communication device, such as a computer or a
router.
Node–to–node delivery – Delivery of packets from one node to the next
one.
Noise – Random electrical signals that can be picked up
transmission, causing degradation or distortion of data.
during
Odd parity – An error–detection method in which an extra bit is added to
the data unit so that the sum of all 1–bits becomes odd.
Open System Interconnection (OSI) – The family of ISO standards
developed in 1970s and 1980s and designed to facilitate high-level, highfunction networking services among dissimilar computers on a global scale.
Optical fiber – A high–bandwidth transmission system that sends data bits
as light pulses.
OSI Reference Model – It defines a frame of reference for understanding
and implementing networks by breaking down the process across seven
layers.
Packet – A specially organized and formatted collection of data destined
for network transmission; alternatively, the form in which network
transmissions are received following conversion into digital form.
Packet Header – Information added to the beginning of the data being
sent, which contains, among other things, addressing and sequencing
information.
Packet Trailer – Information added to the end of the data being sent,
which generally contains error-checking information such as the CRC.
Parallel transmission – Transmission mechanism where multiple bits are
sent at the same time, each on a separate wire.
Parity bit – The additional bit added to a packet for error detection.
Parity checking – The mechanism of error detection using parity bits.
Passive Hub – A central connection point that signals pass through
without regeneration.
Peer-to-Peer – A type of networking in which each computer can be a
client to other computers and act as a server as well.
Period – The time required for a signal to complete one cycle.
Phase – The relative signal of a position with respect to time.
Physical Layer – The Physical Layer transmits and receives signals, and
specifies the physical details of cables, adapter cards, connectors, and
hardware behavior.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) – A remote access protocol that supports
many protocols including TCP/IP, NetBEUI, and IPX/SPX.
Presentation Layer – Platform-specific application formats are translated
into generic data formats for transmission or from generic data formats into
platform-specific application formats for delivery to the Application Layer.
Propagation Delay – Signal delay created when a number of repeaters
connect in a line.
Protocol – A rigidly defined set of rules for communication across a
network.
Protocol Suite – A family of related protocols in which higher-layer
protocols provide application services & request handling facilities, while
lower-layer protocols manage the intricacies of Layer1 through 4 from the
OSI reference model.
Proxy Server – A special Internet server that sits between an Internet link
and a private network.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) – Digitizing analog signals using sampling
and quantizing techniques.
Quadrate Amplitude Modulation (QAM) – A digital–to–analog encoding
technique where the amplitude and the phase values of the carrier wave
can be changed to represent digital information.
Quantizing – Measuring sampled analog signals to get their numeric
equivalents.
Radio-Frequency Interface (RFI) – Any interference caused by signals
operating in the radio frequency range.
Random Access Memory (RAM) – The memory cards or chips on a PC
that provide working space for the CPU to use when running applications,
providing network services, and so on.
Raw Data – Data streams unbroken by header information.
Receiver – A data communications device designed to capture and
interpret signals broadcast at one or more frequencies in the Electro
magnetic spectrum.
Registered Jack (RJ) – Used for modular telephone and network TP
jacks.
Repeater – A networking device that regenerates electronic signals, so
that they can accommodate additional computers on a network segment.
Request-Response – A way of describing how the client/server
relationship works that refers to how a request from a client leads to some
kind of response from a server.
Ring – Topology consisting of computers connected in a circle, forming a
closed ring.
Ring topology – A topology where in all the devices are connected to each
other to form a ring.
RJ-11 – The four-wire modular jack commonly used for home telephone
handsets.
RJ-45 – The eight-wire modular jack for TP networking cables and also for
PBX-based telephone systems.
Router – A networking device that operates at the Network Layer of the
OSI model.
Routing table – A table maintained by a router to decide how to route the
incoming packets to its ultimate destination.
RSA algorithm – A public key encryption algorithm invented by Rivest,
Shamir and Adleman.
Routing – The process of moving data across multiple networks via router.
Sampling – The first process in Pulse Code Modulation analog signal is
measured periodically.
Satellite Microwave – A Microwave transmission system that uses
geosynchronous satellites to send and relay signals between sender and
receiver.
Security – For networking, security generically describes the set of access
controls and permissions in place that determine if a server can grant a
request for a service or resource from a client.
Segmentation – The action of decomposing a larger, upper-layer PDU into
a collection of smaller, lower-layer PDUs.
Serial transmission – Transmission mechanism where in one bit is sent at
a time, using a single wire.
Server – A computer whose job is to respond requests for services or
resources from clients else where on a network.
Session Layer – The session layer is responsible for setting up,
maintaining, and ending ongoing sequences across a network
communications on a network.
Sharing – One of the fundamental justifications for networking.
Sheath – The outer layer of coating on a cable; sometimes also called the
jacket.
Shielded Twisted Pair – A variety of TP cable, wherein a foil wrap
encloses each of one or more pairs of wires for additional shielding.
Shielding – Any layer of material included in cable for the purpose of
mitigating the effects of interference on the signal-carrying cables it
encloses.
Signal – Electromagnetic wave propagating across a transmission medium.
Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) – A TCP/IP protocol used to
send mail messages across a network. SMTP is the basis for e-mail on the
Internet.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) – A TCP/IP protocol
used to monitor and manage network devices.
Simplex transmission – Transmission system where one side can only
transmit, the other side can only receive.
Sliding window – A protocol that allows several data units to transmit
before an acknowledgement is received.
Source address – The address of the sender of a message.
Star – Major topology in which the computers connect via a central
connecting point, usually a hub.
Star Bus – A network topology that combines the star and bus topologies.
Star Ring – A network topology wired like a star that handles traffic like a
ring.
Star topology – A topology in which all stations are attached to a central
device (hub).
Stop–and–wait– Flow control mechanism where each data unit must be
acknowledged before the next one can be sent.
Straight Connection (SC) – A type of one-piece fiber-optic connector that
pushes on yet makes a strong and solid contact with emitters and sensors.
Straight Tip (ST) – The most common type of fiber-optic connector used
in Ethernet networks with fiber backbones.
Switch – A special networking device that manages networked connections
between any pair of star-wired devices on a network.
Switching – Using a network switch to manage media or channel access.
Synchronous – Communications type in which computers rely on exact
timing and sync bits to maintain data synchronization.
Telnet – A TCP/IP protocol that provides remote terminal emulation.
Terminator – Used to absorb signals as they reach the end of a bus.
Terrestrial Microwave – A wireless microwave networking technology
that uses line-of-sight communications between pairs of Earth-based
transmitters and receivers to relay information.
Thin wire – A synonym for 10Base2, and cheapernet.
Token – Used in some ring topology
communications between all computers.
networks
to
ensure
fair
Token bus – A LAN technology that uses token passing access method and
bus topology.
Token Passing – A channel access method used mostly in ring topology
networks.
Token Ring – A network architecture developed by IBM, which is physically
wired as a star but uses token passing in a logical ring topology.
Topology – A basic physical layout of a network.
Transceiver – A device that both transmits and receives messages.
Translation – A change from one protocol to another.
Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – A
protocol suite that supports communication between heterogeneous
systems. TCP/IP has become the standard communications protocol for the
Internet.
Transmission medium – The wire that carries signals between the
communicating parties.
Transmitter – An electronic device capable of emitting signals for delivery
through a particular networking medium.
Transport Layer – The transport layer is responsible for fragmenting large
PDUs from the session layer for delivery across the network.
Transport Protocol – A protocol type responsible for providing reliable
communication sessions between two computers.
Troubleshooting – The techniques involved in detecting problems and
identifying causes.
Twisted-Pair (TP) – A type of cabling where two copper wires, each
enclosed in some kind of sheath, are wrapped around each other.
Unguided transmission media – A transmission medium that has no
physical boundaries.
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) – A form of TP cable that includes no
additional shielding material in the cable composition.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – A connectionless TCP/IP protocol that
provides fast data transport.
Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) – An error– detection mechanism
based on the parity checking of each character.
Virtual Circuit – A logical circuit between the sender and the receiving
computer. All the packets in the transmission then follow the same route
and always arrive in order.
Virtual LAN (VLAN) – A configuration setting that groups two or more
devices attached to a switch.
Web browser – The client-side software that’s used to display content
from the World Wide Web (WWW).
Web Server –A server that hosts HTML pages and dispatches them on
request.
Wide Area Network (WAN) – An internetwork that connects multiple
sites, where a third-party communications carrier, such as a public or
private telephone company.
Wireless – Indicates that a network connection depends on transmission
at some kind of electromagnetic frequency through the atmosphere to carry
data transmission from one networked device to another.
Wireless Bridge – A pair of devices, typically narrow-band and tight
beam, that relay network traffic from one location to another.
World Wide Web (WWW, W3 or web) – The TCP/IP based collection of
all Web servers on the Internet.
X.25 – An international standard for wide-area packet-switched
communications. X.25 offers 64-Kbps network connections and uses error
checking.