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GLOBAL HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY 9H FINAL REVIEW SHEET Date of exam: Materials needed: Chapters to study: Exam format: Thursday June 19, 2014 8:00 am – 10:00 am At least 2 sharpened pencils and 2 pens (blue or black ink) Bentley 1-22, 24 (sections) & 25 (one section) 1) 50 Multiple Choice Questions 2) Essay (CCOT) Some of the chapter topics that will be covered on the exam include: General Terms and Vocabulary Culture Economy Anthropology History Pre-History Agriculture Cultural Diffusion Syncretism Barter system Golden Age Geography Traditional Societies Ethnocentrism Chapter One (Before History): The Leakeys Donald Johansen Hominids Nomad Hunter/gatherer Migration Technology of Early Humans Paleolithic Age Nomadic Role of Women Cave Paintings Neolithic Revolution Subsistence Agriculture Gender & Agriculture Technology of Agriculture Population Growth Civilization Pastoralism Chapter Two (Early Societies in SW Asia): Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia Sumerians Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh Ziggurat Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code Babylonia Assyrians New Babylonians Wheel Trade Networks Patriarchal Role of Women o Veils Hebrews Palestine Diaspora Monotheism Phoenicians Alphabet Indo-European Migration o Language o Horses o Hittites o Iron Metallurgy o War Chariots Chapter Three (Early African Societies): Nile River Cataracts Desertification Sahel Ancient Egypt “Gift of the Nile” Mummification Pyramids Pharaohs Hieroglyphics Demotic Akhenaton Cult of Osiris Nubia Role of Women Meroitic Writing Kush Hyksos Trade Networks Bantu Migration Chapter Four (Early Societies in South Asia): Indus River Hindu-Kush Mtns Ganges River Monsoons Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Early Aryan Migration Vedas Caste & Varna Subcastes & Jati Rig Veda Sati Upanishads Moksha Karma Dharma Brahman Chapter Five (Early Societies in East Asia): Yellow River Xia Shang Zhou Millet Bronze Metallurgy Decentralized gov’t Mandate of Heaven Iron Metallurgy’s impact Role of merchants Veneration of ancestors Patriarchal Oracle Bones Chinese Writing Book of Songs Warring States Period Steppe Nomads Yangzi River Terraced farming Chapter Six (Early Societies in the Americas & Oceania): Olmecs Maize Ceremonial centers Jade & obsidian Yucatan Peninsula Maya Mayan terraced farming Tikal City-kingdoms Chichen Itza Popol Vuh Bloodletting Ball game Maya calendar Maya writing Teotihuacan Pyramids of the Moon & Sun Andes Mtns Chavin Terraced farming Irrigation Alpacas & llamas Mochica Waru waru Australian hunting & gathering societies Austronesian migrations Agriculture in New Guinea Polynesia Lapita peoples Chapter Seven (Empires of Persia): Achaemenid Cyrus Darius Persepolis Satrapies Lydian coins Persian Royal Road Qanat system Persian Wars Seleucid/Parthains/ Sasanids Free peasants Zoroastrianism Ahura Mazda Influence of Zoroastrianism Chapter Eight (The Unification of China): Confucius Analects Daoism Laozi Daodejing Legalism Han Feizi Qin Shi Huangdi Book burning Centralization The Great Wall st 1 Emperor’s Tomb Standardization Han Liu Bang Han Wudi Confucian education Xiongnu Ban Zhao Silk, Paper, Crossbow Yellow Turban Uprising Chapter Nine (State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India): Mauryan Dynasty Ashoka Maurya Rock & Pillar Edicts Regional Kingdoms Gupta Dynasty Arabic Numerals Gupta Golden Age Indian Ocean Trade Epics Vaisyas Jainism Ahimsa Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Mahayana Buddhism Bodhisattvas Bhagavad Gita Popular Hinduism Chapter Ten (Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase): Minoans Mycenaean Society City-States (Polis) Sparta Military Society Lycurgus Athens Solon Pericles Parthenon Direct Democracy Greek colonies Mediterranean Trade Olympic Games Slavery Socrates, Plato & Aristotle Pythagoras Greek Deities Cult of Dionysus Comedy & Tragedy Persian Wars Delian League Peloponnesian War Philip of Macedon Alexander the Great Hellenistic Chapter Eleven (Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase): Etruscans Roman Republic Law (12 Tables) Patricians & plebeians Punic Wars Roman Expansion Julius Caesar Octavian/Augustus Pax Romana Roman roads Commercial agric. Meditrn. trade Aqueducts “Bread & Circus” Paterfamilias Slavery Roman Deities Cicero & Stoicism Mithras & Isis cults Judaism Christianity Jesus of Nazareth Paul of Tarsus Chapter Twelve (Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads): Zhang Qian Monsoon System Hellenistic Trade Silk Roads Mare Nostrum Spread of… o Buddhism o Hinduism o Christianity o Manichaeism Spread of Disease Fall of the Han Sinicization of nomads Fall of W. Rome Diocletian Constantine Germanic Invasions The Huns St. Augustine Orthodox Christianity Patriarchs Chapter Thirteen (The Expansive Realm of Islam): Arabian Peninsula Bedouin Islamic Golden Age Expansion & policies Mecca/Makkah Hajj The Five Pillars Hijrah/Hegira Muhammad Quran/Koran Shariah Caliph Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty Sunni/Shia Dar al-Islam Spread of new crops Hemispheric trading zone Camels & caravans Al-Andalus Veiling of women Sufis Influences on Islam (Persian, Indian, Greek) Chapter Fourteen (The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia): Sui Dynasty Grand Canal Tang Dynasty Li Bo Xuanzang Equal-Field System Tributary states Buddhist Influence Dunhuang Chan/Zen Buddhism Song Dynasties Neo-Confucianism Fast-Ripening Rice Internal trade Population & urbanization Foot binding Porcelain Gunpowder Block printing & moveable type Naval technology Paper money Silla Dynasty Chinese influence on Korea, Vietnam & Japan Nara Japan Heian Japan Shintoism The Tale of Genji Feudal Japan Shogun Samurai Code of Bushido Chapter Fifteen (India and the Indian Ocean Basin): Mahmud of Ghazni Delhi Sultanate Chola Monsoons & irrigation advances Temples as community centers Internal trade Indian Ocean trade Dhows & junks Emporia Specialized production Axum Expansion of the caste system Hindu cults Bhakti Indian influence in SE Asia Angkor Wat Chapter Sixteen (The Two World of Christendom): Byzantine Constantinople Caesaropapism Justinian & Theodora Justinian Code Hagia Sophia Mosaic Theme System Byzantine trade Greek fire The Franks Charlemagne Vikings Heavy plow Feudalism Manorialism Population decrease & recovery Pope Patriarch Iconoclasm Monasticism Cyril & Methodius Schism Black Sea-Baltic trade Slavs Kiev & Vladimir Onion domes Chapter Seventeen (Nomadic Empires & Eurasian Integration): Nomadic pastoralism Turks Saljuq/Seljik Turks o Persia (Abbasid) o Anatolia (Byzantine) o India Mongols o Genghis o Society o Conquest Mongol impacts o Persia o China (Kublai) o Russia (Golden Horde) Pax Mongolica Silk Road travel o Trade o Missionaries o Diplomats o Bubonic plague Tamer Lane Ottoman Chapter Eighteen (States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa): Bananas Early Africa Kin-based society Animism Slavery Role of women Zanj revolts Camels Ghana o Gold & Salt o Islam Mali o Mansa Musa o Jenne & Timbuktu Swahili Coast o Kilwa & Sofala Great Zimbabwe Axum Ethiopia o King Lalibela o Rock churches Chapter Nineteen (The Increasing Influence of Europe): Holy Roman Empire William the Conqueror Agricultural growth Development of towns & cities Early Commercial Rev. o Guilds o Urban women Meditrn. Trade Hanseatic League Three Estates Chivalry Troubadours St. Thomas Aquinas Lay Investiture Gothic Religious orders Heresy Vinland Crusades Reconquista Spanish Inquisition (chapter 23) Chapter Twenty (Worlds Apart: The Americas & Oceania): Maize The Mexica/Aztec o PERSIAN o Tribute o Trade o Chinampas Pueblo/Navajo/ Iroquois Inca o PERSIAN o Empire o Roads/Bridges o Terraces o Quipu o Trade Australian foragers Pacific islanders o Long-distance voyages o Maori & sweet potatoes o Society o Religion Chapter Twenty-one (Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction): Travelers o Marco Polo o Ibn Battuta Diplomats o John of Montecorvino Missionaries o Sufis o Rabban Sauma Exchanges o Sugarcane o Gunpowder o Plague Italian city-states The Renaissance o Leonardo da Vinci o Humanism o Machiavelli Hundred Years War Spain Ivan the Great Ming o Neo-Confucianism o Zheng He Chapter Twenty-two (Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections): Portuguese est. of Medit. sugar plantations Caravel Maritime technology Volto do mar Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan James Cook Portuguese trading posts Trading Companies Conquest of the Philippines o Manila Galleons Conquest of Java Seven Year’s War Columbian Exchange o Impacts on areas Environmental impacts of trade Chapter Twenty-four (The Americas and Oceania): Taino Encomienda Smallpox Conquistadores o Cortes o Pizarro Council of the Indies Viceroys Las Castas Silver Mining Mita Hacienda Engenho Settler colonies in N. America Fur trade Tobacco Mercantilism Indentured labor Impact of Catholicism Chapter Twenty-five (Africa and the Atlantic World): Portuguese slave trade Triangular trade Chattel slavery The Middle Passage Olaudah Equiano African Diaspora 9H Themes (Possible Essay Topics) The AP World History course requires students to engage with the dynamics of continuity and change across the historical periods that are included in the course. Students should be taught to analyze the processes and causes involved in these continuities and changes. In order to do so, students and teachers should focus on FIVE overarching themes which serve throughout the course as unifying threads, helping students to put what is particular about each period or society into a larger framework. The themes also provide ways to make comparisons over time and facilitate cross-period questions. Each theme should receive approximately equal attention over the course of the year. 1. Interaction between humans and the environment Demography and disease Migration Patterns of settlement Technology 2. Development and interaction of cultures Religions Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies Science and technology The arts and architecture 3. State-building, expansion, and conflict Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations 4. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism 5. Development and transformation of social structures Gender roles and relations Family and kinship Racial and ethnic constructions Social and economic classes 9H Habits of Mind The AP World History course addresses habits of mind in two categories: (1) those addressed by any rigorous history course, and (2) those addressed by a world history course. Four habits of mind are in the first category: Constructing and evaluating arguments: using evidence to make plausible arguments Using documents and other primary data: developing the skills necessary to analyze point of view and context, and to understand and interpret information Assessing continuity and change over time and over different world regions Understanding diversity of interpretations through analysis of context, point of view, and frame of reference Five habits of mind are in the second category: Seeing global patterns and processes over time and space while connecting local developments to global ones Comparing within and among societies, including comparing societies' reactions to global processes Considering human commonalities and differences Exploring claims of universal standards in relation to culturally diverse ideas Exploring the persistent relevance of world history to contemporary developments 9H Key Concepts Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 BCE Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth Archaeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions. The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. Agriculture and Pastoralism began to transform human societies. The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. The first states emerged within core civilizations. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths and monumental art. Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 BCE to 600 CE The Development and Codification of religious and Cultural Traditions Codification and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. New belief systems and cultural traditions emerged and spread, often asserting universal truths. Belief systems affected gender roles (such as Buddhism’s encouragement of a monastic life or Confucianism’s emphasis on filial piety). Other religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core civilizations. Artistic expressions, including literature and drama, architecture and sculpture, show distinctive cultural developments. The Development of States and Empires The number and size of imperial societies grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms. Imperial societies displayed unique social and economic dimensions. The Roman, Han, Maurya, and Gupta empires created political, cultural and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse and transformation into successor empires or states. Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange Land and water routes created transregional trade, communication and exchange networks in the Eastern Hemisphere, while separate networks connected the peoples and societies of the Americas somewhat later. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange. Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals and disease pathogens developed across far-flung networks of communication and exchange. Period 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600 CE to 1450 CE Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers (for example, between Tang China and the Abbasids, across the Mongol empires and during the Crusades). Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversions on gender relations and family life. Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 CE to c. 1750 CE Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara and overland Eurasia. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns – all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion. POSTCLASSICAL REVIEW CHART Middle East Eastern Europe Western Europe Latin America North America Political Economic Religion Social Intellectual Arts Near (Geography) Oceania East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa EARLY MODERN REVIEW CHART Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East Europe Latin America North America Political Economic Religion Social Intellectual Arts Near (Geography) Oceania East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia