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World War II (19391945)
US Involvement (19411945)
What’s Essential?
Causes of the War (underlying and direct)
Reasons for American Neutrality (various
acts/events)
Reason for American entrance: Pearl Harbor
Wartime goals of the Allies
Essential to Know (con’t)
• American Homefront
(women, blacks, Japanese
internment)
• Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences and their
significance
• Decision to drop atomic
bomb and its lasting effects
What do we know about the
world as a result of WWI?
The Road Towards
American Intervention
Causes for World War II
DIRECT:
UNDERLYING:
 Germany invading
• Treaty of Versailles
Poland on September
• Nationalism
1st, 1939
• Worldwide
Depression
• Dictatorships
• The policy of
appeasement
• American Isolationism
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
• Roosevelt
expressed
hisget
favor
an
But, openly
FDR was
able to
$1for
billion
from
Congress
to
expand
the
U.S.
Allied victory & took steps to ready the U.S.
navy
for war
– In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully tried to
convince world leaders to “quarantine the
aggressors”
– Everything changed in 1939 with the
Nazi-Soviet Pact & the German
invasion of
US=Turtle
The Axis Powers!!!
Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Rise to power result of
weakness of previous
government (1933became Chancellor)
• Charismatic speaker,
preached German
nationalism, denounced
Versailles Treaty
• Blamed Jews,
communists for
Germany’s problems
• Promised return of
German pride
Benito Mussolini in Italy
• Fascist leader who took control
of Italy in 1922
• Wanted to create another
Roman Empire
• Invaded Ethiopia in 1935
• Along with Hitler supported
Francisco Franco in the Spanish
Civil War (combat experience)
Japanese Expansion
• Sought total control of
Pacific (resources)
• 1931- military occupation
of Manchuria
• 1936- Japan signs Pact
with Germany, Italy
• Nanking MassacreDecember 1937
America: The Great Neutralizer
American Neutrality
• Domestic: U.S. in midst of Great
Depression, public intent on
remaining neutral
• 1935: First Neutrality Act (no sale
of arms to belligerent nations)
• 1937: Arm sales only on “cash
and carry” basis
• FDR warns of impending
President Roosevelt
problems
Isolationism in the United
States
Hitler and
Mussolini
• Economic, military reasons
for neutrality
• Tried to prevent mistakes
that led to WWI involvement
• FDR: “Let no one imagine
that we will escape…that this
western hemisphere will not
be attacked”—outraged
many isolationists
From Neutrality to Undeclared
“The destroyer-for-bases deal is the
War
most important
action in the
reinforcement
our innational
defense
• When WW II of
began
1939, FDR
got
that
has
been
taken
since
the
Congress agree to a cash & carry policy to
Louisiana
Purchase”
aid the Allies:
—FDR
responded
with
–FDR
The U.S.
would trade
withall-out
the Alliesaid
butto
would
the
Allies
but& did
not
forAmerican
war
not offer
loans
would
notcall
deliver
products to Europe
• In addition, FDR traded 50 old destroyers
with England for 8 naval bases in Western
Europe
From Neutrality to Undeclared
War“The future of
Isolationists
• Appalled by this
departure from
neutrality & FDR’s
involvement of the
US in a foreign war
St.
Louis
Dispatch
• Their headline:
“Fortress of
America”
idea
“Dictator Roosevelt
argued
that Act of
Commits
Germany
was not
War”
a threat to the US
Interventionists
western
civilization is
•being
Groups
like the
decided
upon
the battlefield
Committee
to of
Europe”
Defend
America by
—CDAAA
chair,
Aiding
the Allies
William
Allen
White
called for
unlimited
aid to England
• They argued that
the events in
Europe did impact
the security of US
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
• Interventionists had the majority of public
sentiment on their side:
– Congress appropriated $10 billion for
preparedness in 1940
– FDR called for America’s 1st peacetime draft
– In the election of 1940, FDR was
overwhelmingly elected for an unprecedented
3rd term
From Neutrality to Undeclared
War
• By 1940, England remained the only active
opposition to Hitler but was running out of
money
• FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act:
– US can sell or lend war supplies to Allied
nations
– Congress put $7 billion to allow England full
access to US arms
US Cash and Carry Program
Lend-Lease Supply Routes
From Neutrality to Undeclared
War
• England desperately needed help
escorting these supplies through the uboat infested Atlantic
– FDR allowed for US patrols in the western half
of the Atlantic
– German attacks on US ships led to an
undeclared naval war in 1941 & allowed US
ships to fully deliver war supplies to Allies
US Cash and Carry Program
Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech
January 1941
• To Congress, State of the Union, focus on war
preparedness
• “…the future of all the American Republics is today
in serious danger.
• That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is
unique in our history.
• The need of the moment is that our actions and our
policy should be devoted primarily-almost
exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all our
domestic problems are now a part of the great
emergency.
• Just as our national policy in internal affairs has
been based upon a decent respect for the rights and
the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so
our national policy in foreign affairs has been based
on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all
nations, large and small. And the justice of morality
must and will win in the end.
Four Freedoms
• “The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world.
• The second is freedom of every person to
worship God in his own way--everywhere in the
world.
• The third is freedom from want--which,
translated into world terms, means economic
understandings which will secure to every nation a
healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere
in the world.
• The fourth is freedom from fear--which,
translated into world terms, means a world-wide
reduction of armaments to such a point and in such
a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a
position to commit an act of physical aggression
against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
• In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to secretly draft
the Atlantic Charter:
– The U.S. & Britain discussed military strategy if
America were to enter the war
– They discussed post-war goals of liberty, free
trade, & disarmament
– Review Handout
• In 1941, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact &
attacked Russia
From Neutrality to Undeclared
War
• FDR brought US to the brink of war & opened
himself to criticism:
– In Sept 1941, US polls showed 80% of Americans
supported US neutrality in WW II
– FDR had to wait for the Axis to make a decisive
move…which Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941
European Appeasement
• 1938- Hitler invades
Austria, Sudetenland on
Czech border
• Munich Conference
(1938): Chamberlain
and Daladier allow Hitler
to do this
(appeasement)
• Chamberlain: “Peace in
our time”
• British rearmament
War Erupts!!!
• March 1939- Hitler breaks
Munich agreement, invades
rest of Czechoslovakia
• August 1939- Hitler signs
nonaggression pact with
rival USSR, turns attention
west
• September 1, 1939“blitzkrieg” invasion of
Poland; Britain and France
declare war on Germany
German “blitz” of Warsaw
World War II (1939-1941)
Hitler’s Wild Ride in Europe
While the U.S. Watches
Hitler Moves in Europe
• April 1940- Hitler seizes
Norway, Denmark
• May- Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg
• By June, Hitler controls
France, turns attention to
Britain
• Fall 1940- Battle of
Britain
• London heavily bombed
but Churchill remains
defiant
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
The United States and Britain
• 1939- Roosevelt revises
Neutrality Act, allows for arms
trade
• Public opinion divided
• Election of 1940- FDR wins 3rd
term
• 1940: Destroyers for Bases
Deal
• 1941: Lend-Lease Act
• “Destroyers for Bases”: called
for 50 American destroyers to be
exchanged for the use of 8
British naval bases along the
North Atlantic coast
• “Lend-lease”: made it possible
to lend or lease supplies to any
country whose interests were
vital (GB)- $50 billion
The U.S. Enters
the War
• The “destroyers
for
USS Greer
Atlantic Charter
bases” deal allowed the
U.S. to extend its
influence
• August 1941- Atlantic
Charter: Churchill and
FDR agree to defend
democracy, free trade and
economic advancement
• The U.S. destroyer Greer
attacked in September
1941
• US directly involved in
naval warfare
United States and Japan
• Japan wanted to extend
influence in Far East
• July 1940: U.S. embargo of
raw materials to Japan
Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor
• 1941: Lend-Lease aid to
China
• Anticipating attack in the
Philippines
• December 7, 1941: Japan
Images of Pearl Harbor
America Enters War
• Pearl Harbor attack
devastates nation
• FDR: “A date which will live
in infamy”
• December 8, 1941- FDR
receives war declaration from
Congress against Japan
• Germany, Italy declare war
on United States
FDR addresses Congress after
Pearl Harbor attack
Japanese Internment
• February, 1942: FDR
issues Executive Order
• Over 100,000 JapaneseAmericans on West Coast
moved to the interior
• Japanese farms/businesses
bought for far less value
Allied Military Strategy
(1941-1945)
A.) Arsenal of Democracy
Mobilizing for War
• 1940- Economy focuses on
military mobilization
• Massive industrial output
(twice as productive as
Germany, 5 times Japan)
• Primary focus: tanks, planes,
battleships
• War Production Board
• Military draft, training
Wartime propaganda
Mobilizing
for
War
(con’t)
 Wars Power Act= set precedent for executive
authority. President gained power to reorganize the
federal government and create new agencies
 (Handout)
Organizing the Economy
 Outproduce enemies will gain victory within the war
 1941: Government pouring vast amounts into defense
productions.
 6 Months after PH: allocations topped off at $100
billion for equipment and supplies
 Factories pimped out for production (TOTAL WAR) pg.
896
New Workers (Pg. 897)
• Mexicans (Bracero Program) 200,000 for short term
employment (Farm workers)
• Native Americans (Sioux and Navajo) build ordinance
depots and military training centers
• African Americans (Opportunities in all areas)
• Women
Home Front 1941-1945
• Dynamics of Families
• Internment of the Japanese
• Double V Campaign for African Americans
• Women and new gender role
• Latino Americans (Zoot Suit Riots)
• “The Good War”
The Liberation of Europe
Erwin Rommel,
the “Desert Fox”
• FDR: Liberate Europe first
and pursue an “active
defense” in the Pacific
• Battle of Atlantic: Hitler’s
“Wolf Packs” vs. Allied
Navies
• Clear Germany from North
Africa
• Late 1942: Only Tunisia
was controlled by Axis
Powers
Allied Advances in Europe
(1943-1944)
• January, 1943: Allies
agree to fight until they
win “unconditional
surrender”
• February 1943: SU
takes back Stalingrad
and moves westward
• Same time, Allied
victory in Tunisia
secures Africa
Allied Advancements Cont…
• July 10, 1943: The
invasion of Italy.
• Fighting continues from
July 1943 to June 1944
(70,000 Allied troops
killed)
• Separate peace was
signed with new Italian
government in September,
1943
Unconditional Surrender in Europe
(1944-1945)
• Britain and U.S. air raid strategic
sights in Germany (Flying
Fortresses)
• June 6, 1944: D-Day and the Allied
invasion of Normandy
• Battle at Normandy lasted from
June 6-July 24
• August 25, 1944: France liberated
Germany’s Last Gasp Effort
• Hitler was caught between
Allied troops coming from
the West and Stalin’s
forces coming from the East.
• December 1944: Battle of
the Bulge
• April 25, 1945: Russia and
Allied Forces meet at the
Elbe River
• May 8, 1945: Germany
surrenders (V-E DAY)
•
YALTA CONFERENCE
(February 1945)
Plans for German
surrender
• Stalin agrees to hold free
elections and help with
Japan
• Broken promises, USSR’s
position strengthened
• Initiated Cold War
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Allied Military Strategy in the
Pacific (1941-1945)
• By 1942, Japan had controlled almost the entire
area of the Pacific
• Allies were able to hold on to Hawaii and Samoa
• “Active defense” campaign:
-Battle of the Coral Sea (May,1942)
-Battle of Midway (June, 1942)
-Battle of Guadalcanal (Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943)
The Pacific Theatre Cont…
• The Allies took control of several islands
in the Pacific under the leadership of
General Douglas MacArthur
-Iwo Jima (1945)
-Okinawa (1945)
• The recapture of the Philippines was the
highlight (Oct. 1944-March 1945)
“The Alternative to Surrender is
Prompt and Utter Destruction”
• August 6, 1945: Atomic
bomb is dropped on
Hiroshima (at least
75,000 killed)
• August 9, 1945: Atomic
bomb is dropped on
Nagasaki
World War II- The Homefront
• American industry key to
victory
• Built tanks, bombs, guns,
ships, ammunition, etc.
• War bonds (borrowed $$$ from
Americans) raised about $50
billion for war effort
• Women “filling in” for men off
“Rosie the Riveter” inspired
many women to contribute
at war
• Victory Gardens
Blacks in WWII
• WWII effort directly led to later
civil rights movement
• Patton’s “Black Panther”
Battalion at Battle of the Bulge
• Tuskegee Airmen
• July, 1948: Truman signs
Executive Order integrating US
military
“The War is Over”
• Japan surrenders to
Allied Forces on the
U.S. Missouri after the
second bomb was
dropped on NagasakiAugust 14th– V-J Day
THE
COSTS
OF
THE
WAR
• U.S. lost over 300,000
• World suffered at least 60 million
• Over 25 million Russians alone died
• Over 10 million in death camps
• New fears arise after the war– fight
to contain Communism– THE COLD
WAR ERA!!