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World History Chapter 6, Section 4 Notes Consolidated many revolutionary changes 1799-1815 I. Napoleon rose to power A. Born in Corsica, Mediterranean island, family not wealthy 1. Sent to France at 9 & trained for military 2. Ambitious, 20 a lieutenant at start of Revolution B. Rose quickly in army 1. 1793 drove British out of Toulon 2. Victorious over Austrians 3. 1798 expedition to Egypt, disasters C. 1799 became political leader 1. Overthrew Directory 2. Set up consulate 3. Took title of First Counsul 4. 1804 assumed title of Emperor of the French 5. Each step Napoleon held plebiscite (allowing voters to ballot) II. Revolutionary Reforms strengthened central govt A. Reforms 1. Restore economic prosperity a. Controlled prices b. Encouraged new industry c. Built roads & canals 2. Set up public schools to train officials & military officers 3. Made peace w/ Catholic Church a. In Concordat of 1801 b. Placed Church under State control 4. Support from all classes a. Let nobles return if took loyalty oath b. Let peasants have land they bought from Catholic Church B. Napoleonic Code – new code of law 1. Equality of citizens before law (except for women, lost most of rights) World History Chapter 6, Section 4 Notes 2. Religious toleration 3. Advancement based on merit III. Napoleon built an Empire in Europe A. Success on battlefield 1. Rapid troop movement for more effective use of large armies 2. New plan for each battle, kept enemies confused B. Grand French Empire 1. Annexed (added new areas) to France a. Netherlands b. Belgium c. Parts of Italy & Germany 2. Abolished Holy Roman Empire, created & controlled Confederation of the Rhine 3. Cut Prussian territory in half 4. Controlled Europe through forced diplomacy – put friends & relatives on thrones C. France could not control Britain 1. Britain used sea power (1805) Battle of Trafalgar where British admiral Horatio Nelson beat French fleet 2. Napoleon waged economic war through Continental System a. Closed European ports to British goods b. Britain blockaded (shut off ports to keep people & supplies from moving in or out) European ports c. British navy kept trade routes open to America & India IV. Napoleon’s Empire Faces challenges A. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, which is the beginning of the end for him World History Chapter 6, Section 4 Notes European nations resented Napoleon’s power & started revolts against France a. Revolts from Rome to Madrid, saw Napoleon and his army as foreign oppressors. C. Napoleon set up his brother as King of Spain 1. Napoleon tried to undermine the Catholic Church 2. Spanish resisted; French army treated Spanish badly 3. Spanish patriots a. Used guerilla warfare (hit & run raids) b. Kept French army fighting in Spain; could have been used elsewhere D. Austrians resumed war with France after Spanish resistance success. a. 1809 Battle of Wagram, Austrian’s lost b. Under the peace agreement, Austria had to surrender lands populated by more than 3 million subjects. E. Czar Alexander I of Russia 1. angry over French – Austrian “alliance” 2. Didn’t like Continental System & withdrew Russia 3. Concerned that French Empire now bordered Russia 4. 1812, 400,000 European soldiers invaded Russia, led by Napoleon c. Russians retreated eastward burning crops & villages d. “Scorched Earth Policy” left French troops cold & hungry e. French had to retreat 1000 miles, lost 300,000 men f. French LOST ! Events that led to Napoleon’s downfall B. V. World History Chapter 6, Section 4 Notes A. Russia united w/ Britain, Austria & Prussia, defeated French at Battle of Nations at Leipzig B. 1814, Napoleon abdicated (stepped down from power) 1. Exiled to Elba (Mediterranean Island) 2. Louis XVIII became king of France 3. Economic depression brought Napoleon back to power for 100 days C. British forces under Duke of Wellington & Prussian forces under General Bucher defeated Napoleon at Waterloo D. Napoleon abdicated again & exiled to St. Helena, island in South Atlantic E. Napoleon’s accomplishments 1. France- centralized state govt w/ constitution & greater access to education 2. World- spread ideas of Revolution & nationalism a. Did away w/ Holy Roman Empire, lead to formation of new Germany b. Sold Louisiana Territory to America, doubling size of U.S. VI. Goals of Congress of Vienna A. Met for 10 months in 1814 & 1815; host – Emperor Francis I of Austria but real work done by: 1. Prince Metternich - Austria a. Metternich wanted status quo (the way things were) in 1792 2. Czar Alexander I – Russia a. Alexander I wanted holy alliance of Christian kings to stop revolutions 3. Lord Castlereagh – Britain a. Castlereagh wanted to keep French military down World History Chapter 6, Section 4 Notes Prince Talleyrand – France a. Talleyrand played other leaders against each other Chief goal – create lasting peace w/ balance of power & protect monarchs, contain France from further expansion To create a balance of power encircle France w/ strong nations, Vienna Congress redrew Europe’s map 1. Created Kingdom of Netherlands – Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland 2. Gave Prussia lands along Rhine R. 3. Gave Austria control of northern Italy Legitimacy - gave kings back power in Portugal, Spain & Italian states, that they had in 1792 & restored Louis XVIII to power in France Quadruple Alliance – Austria, Prussia, Russia, & Gr. Britain pledged to maintain balance of power & stop revolutions a. RESULT> Failed to see future conflicts b/c of nationalism 4. B. C. D. D.