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VSUPGCET-2014 : SYLLABUS
07-BIOTECHNOLOGY
SECTION-A
Cell Biology and Genetics
Cell Structure, Function and Cell Division
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Cells as basic units of living organisms; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Ultra structure of prokaryotic cell (Cell membrane)
Ultra structure of eukaryotic cell (Cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles).
Chromosome organization and structure of specialized chromosomes (Polytene and Lamp
Brush)
Cell Division ; significance of mitosis and meiosis
Mendel’s Laws and Mechanism of Inheritance
2.1
Mendel’s experiments – Factors contributing to success of Mendel’s experiments
2.2
Law of segregation – Monohybrid ratio
2.3
Law of Independent assortment – Dihybrids,
2.4
Deviation from Mendel’s Laws - partial or incomplete dominance, co-dominance
2.5
Epistatic gene interaction –complementary, inhibitory and supplementary interaction
2.6
Linkage and recombination – Discovery of linkage, cytological proof of crossing
over
Recombination frequency and map distance
2.9
Mechanism of sex determination
Homogametic and Heterogametic theory (Human, Birds)
2.10
X – linked inheritance (eg. Haemophilia)
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.6.
DNA as the genetic material – Griffiths experiments on transformation in Streptococcus
pneumoniae. Avery, McEleod and Mc Carty’s experiments. Hershey – Chase experiments
with radio-labelled T2 bacteriophage
RNA as genetic material – Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Structure of DNA – Watson and Crick Model
DNA Replication-Mechanisms of DNA replication – Linear and circular – Rolling circle and
theta mechanism of replication
DNA damage and Repair
Concepts of Biostatistics and Bioinnformatics
4.1
Concept of probability, basic laws and its application to Mendelian segregation.
4.2
Concept of probability distribution.
Binomial and Poisson distributions, Normal
distribution and their application to biology
4.3
Concept of sampling and sampling distribution. Concept of test of hypothesis.
Applications of t-test statistics to biological problems/data:
4.4
Simple Regression and Correlation.
4.5
Introduction to Bioinformatics
Biological Databases – Nucleotide sequence and Protein databases, their utilization in
Biotechnology,
SECTION-B
Biological Chemistry and Microbiology
Biomolecules
1.1
Carbohydrates : Importance, classification and properties
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Structure, configuration and biochemical importance of glucose, sucrose, cellolose and
hyaluronic acid
Proteins : Classification, structure and properties amino acids
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins
Lipids : Fatty acids : (Saturated and unsaturated) Phospholipids (phosphatidic acid,
phosphatidylcholine)
Enzymes : Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
Factors influencing enzymatic reactions
(a) pH (b) Temperature (c) Substrate concentration (d) Enzyme concentration
Enzyme Inhibition – Competitive and non-competitive
Intermediary Metabolism
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Gluconeogenesis and its significance
Mitochondrial electron transport
Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis
-Oxidation of fatty acid
Deamination, decarboxylation and transamination reactions of amino acids
Fundamentals of Microbiology
3.1
Outlines of classification of microorganisms
3.2
Structure and general characters of Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Micro Algae
(one example from each group)
3.3
Disease causing pathogens and their symptoms (examples; Typhoid, HIV only)
3.4
Isolation, identification and preservation of microorganisms (Bacteria)
3.5
Methods of sterilization
3.6
Bacterial reproduction and growth kinetics (Batch and continuous cultures)
Principles and Applications of Biophysical Techniques
4.1
Microscopy – Light, Inverted, Fluorescent and Electron microscopy
4.2
Colorimetry – Beer – Lambert’s Law
4.3
Chromatography
(a) Paper (b) Thin Layer (c) Ion-exchange (d) Gel-filtration
4.4
Electrophoresis – Native gels and SDS-PAGE, Agarose
4.5
Basic Principles of centrifugation
4.6
SECTION-C
Applications of Biotechnology
Cell and tissue culture technology
1.1
Principles of animal cell culture - culture media, importance of serum - cell lines
propogation and maintenance.
1.2
Stem cell - types, isolation and identification techiniques and applications of stem cell
technology
1.3
Principles of plant cell and tissue culture - composition of MS medium - its significance role of plant growth regulators in differentiation - Meristem culture, clonal propogation of
plants - Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis.
1.4
Clonal propogation of economically importance plants (Banana)
1.5
Production of secondary metabolities through plant tissue culture.
2
Production and processing of rDNA products and therapeutics
2.1
Microbial production of rDNA proteins - Insulin - EGF, Sterptokinase
2.2
Large scale production -structure of typical bioreactors - fermentation process Optimization of production of rDNA proteins - Control of foam and pH
2.3
Downstream processing - continuous centrifugation techiniques, cell distruption,
purification of rDNA proteins using affinity tags
2.4
Molecular farming - Production of therapeutics in milk - Production of edible vaccines Production of Human Growth hormone.
Environmental Biotechnology
3.1
Introduction to environmental biotechnology; Energy - non-renewable energy resources pollution, depletion.
3.2
Non conventional energy sources: Biofuels- Biobutanol, Bioethanol - cellulolytic production
of ethanol - production and significance - Biological hydrogen production - rodobacter
capsulaters and its significance,
3.3
Fermentative production of beverages and organic acids (citric acid)
3.4
Biological nitrogen fixation - mechanism and significance, Biofertilizers and biopesticides
3.5
Microbial mineralization of xenobiotcs and environmental pollutants - Biodegradation of
petroleum hydrocarbons - application of transgenic microbes - Super Bug in environmental
clean up
Embryo Transfer and Transgenic Technology
4.1
Isolation and preservation of gametes/ embryos - Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization,
super ovulation - Synchronization of estrus cycle
4.2
Transgenic animal - Production fast growing fish, disease resistant cow, Harward mouse
4.3
Transgenic plants - Bt cotton, Golden rice
4.4
Gene therapy - principles and applications
4.5
Bio-thics - intellectual property rights - patency
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