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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T7950A89624491
Scope: Global
Language: English
Equus grevyi, Grevy's Zebra
Assessment by: Rubenstein, D., Low Mackey, B., Davidson, ZD, Kebede, F. &
King, S.R.B.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Rubenstein, D., Low Mackey, B., Davidson, ZD, Kebede, F. & King, S.R.B. 2016. Equus grevyi.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T7950A89624491.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Taxon Name: Equus grevyi Oustalet, 1882
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
Grevy's Zebra
Zèbre de Grévy
Cebra de Grévy
Taxonomic Notes:
Groves (2002) provisionally listed two subspecies of Grevy's Zebra. However, Groves and Bell (2004)
concluded that the species is indeed monotypic. Reviewed by Churcher (1993).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Endangered A2acd ver 3.1
Year Published:
2016
Date Assessed:
August 25, 2016
Justification:
Grevy's Zebra has been assessed as Endangered under criterion A2acd. There was a population
reduction of 54% over the past three generations (30 years) from an estimated 5,800 in the late 1980s
to a current population of about 2,680 individuals. The species also qualifies as Vulnerable under
Criterion C1+2a(i) as there are <2,000 mature individuals. This number consists of approximately 2,350
individuals in Kenya (1,716 mature animals) in 2016 and about 230 individuals in Ethiopia (168 mature
animals) in 2011. There is an estimated continuing decline of 10% over the next three generations if the
population in Ethiopia declines severely, and additionally the largest subpopulation of Grevy's Zebra has
<1,000 mature individuals.
The population has been roughly stable over the past 10 years. It is considered stable or increasing in
Kenya, but may be stable or declining in Ethiopia. In Kenya the proportion of foals and juveniles in the
population has grown (Kenya Wildlife Service 2016). If this trend continues, it bodes well for the
population in this country. In Ethiopia, estimates based on transect counts and some ‘sight-resight’
analyses suggest that in 2009-2010 the total population size was 228 +/- 53 (F. Kebede pers. comm.
2012), with the largest population numbering 196 individuals.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2013 – Endangered (EN) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T7950A21070406.en
2008 – Endangered (EN)
1996 – Endangered (EN)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
1
1994 – Endangered (E)
1990 – Endangered (E)
1988 – Endangered (E)
1986 – Endangered (E)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Grevy's zebra is only found in the Horn of Africa, specifically Ethiopia and Kenya. Grevy's Zebras have
undergone substantial reductions in range. Historically, they ranged east of the Rift Valley in Kenya to
southwestern Somalia, and in northern Ethiopia from the Alledeghi Plain through the Awash Valley, the
Ogaden, and north-east of Lake Turkana in Ethiopia to north of Mt. Kenya and southeast down the Tana
River in Kenya (Bauer et al. 1994). Currently, Grevy’s Zebra have a discontinuous range, and are found
from the eastern side of the Rift Valley in Kenya to the Tana River. Currently there is a small, isolated
population in the Alledeghi Plains northeast of Awash National Park (N.P.) in Ethiopia. From Lake Ch’ew
Bahir in southern Ethiopia, the population extends to just north of Mt. Kenya although a few animals are
found further southeast along the Tana River. A small introduced population survives in and around
Tsavo East N.P. in Kenya.
Grevy's Zebra are considered to be extirpated from Somalia, where the last confirmed sightings date to
1973. There are no confirmed records that the species ever occurred in Eritrea or Djibouti (Bauer et al.
1994, Yalden et al. 1986). Sightings in South Sudan are questionable and need to be verified (Williams
2002, 2013).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Ethiopia; Kenya
Regionally extinct: Somalia; Sudan
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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Distribution Map
Equus grevyi
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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3
Population
Grevy's Zebra suffered a severe population reduction between the late 1970s/early 1980s and the early
2000s, declining from a global population of around 15,600 individuals in the late 1970s/early 1980s
(Williams 2002) to around 2,000 individuals in 2004. Since then there have been some signs of
population recovery, with the population remaining roughly stable over the last 10 years. Over the last
three generations (a generation is approximately 10 years) there has been a population reduction of
about 54% from an estimated 5,800 Grevy's Zebra in the 1980s to ~2,680 animals currently.
The most recent estimates put the total population of Grevy's Zebra remaining in the wild in Kenya and
Ethiopia at less than 2,000 mature individuals, based on 73% adults in well studied populations
(Rubenstein and Brown pers. obs. 2014). This number consists of approximately 2,350 individuals in
Kenya (1,716 mature animals) in 2016 and about 230 individuals in Ethiopia (168 mature animals) in
2012. The largest regional population numbering around 1,300 individuals (949 mature) is in the centre
of the Samburu region of central Kenya.
In Kenya, the Grevy’s Zebra population declined from around 13,700 in 1977 (Dirschl and Wetmore
1978) to 4,300 in 1988 (KREMU 1989). They then declined further to 2,400-2,700 in 2000 (Nelson and
Williams 2003) and 1,570-1,980 in 2004 (KWS 2012), to an estimated population size of 1,470-2,140 in
2006 (B. Low pers. comm. 2007); a decline of 85-90% over 29 years. In 2008, the population was
estimated to consist of 2,400 individuals, indicating that either counting techniques had improved or
that the population had stabilized or even increased, or a combination of the two (Mwasi and Mwangi
2007, KWS 2012). An assessment of all existing counts carried out by Kenya’s Grevy’s Zebra Technical
Committee in 2012 estimated that by 2011 the population in Kenya was approximately 2,500. In January
2016 a comprehensive census of Grevy's zebra in five counties in Kenya was conducted (“The Great
Grevy’s Rally”). The census comprised of 350 people (members of the public, conservancy members,
rangers and scouts from conservancies and National Parks and Reserves, and scientists) driving over
25,000 km² recording Grevy's zebras using GPS enabled cameras. Over 40,000 photos of Grevy's Zebra
were taken. The photographs were sent to the US-based IBEIS team to process the images, identifying
unique individuals seen on days 1 and 2 as well as the number seen on day 1 that were re-sighted on
day 2. From these three values population size estimates could be computed. In the future, such
analyses will be performed by Kenyan scientists once the software is made publicly available. From the
sight-resight analysis the population was estimated to be 2,250 individuals (95% CI of +/- 93; KWS 2016).
For the first time, Laikipia county has the highest number of Grevy’s Zebras (supporting over half of
Kenya's Grevy's Zebra population), surpassing Samburu and Isiolo counties, the traditional heartland of
the species. An additional 80-100 animals were estimated in Tsavo, Oserian, Meru National Park, and
the Laisamas area - areas that were too dangerous or inaccessible to survey during the census period
(KWS 2016). The total Kenya population in 2016 is therefore estimated to be ~2,350 individuals. The
population will be re-censused in August 2017. It is expected that the Kenyan population of Grevy's
Zebra will remain stable, or may increase due to conservation efforts.
In Ethiopia, Grevy’s Zebra declined from an estimated 1,500 (or a possible maximum of 1,900) in 1980 to
approximately 600 in 1995 (Rowen and Ginsberg 1992, F. Kebede pers. comm. 2007), to approximately
100 in 2003 (Williams et al. 2003). In 2006, the population in Ethiopia was estimated to be
approximately 130 (F. Kebede pers. comm. 2007). The trend from 1980 to 2003 (23 years) suggests a
decline of roughly 94%. Counts and ‘sight-resight’ population analyses of the largest population suggest
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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that by 2011 Ethiopia’s population had increased to approximately 230 individuals (Kebede et al. 2012,
Kebede pers. comm. 2014). However this population is mainly in the Alledghi Wildlife Reserve (196 +/53 animals, declined from 600 in 1970) and very few individuals remain in Chew Bahir (22 animals,
declined from 1,500 in 1970) and Borana (10 animals) (Williams 2002, Kebede pers. comm. 2014). The
population in Ethiopia is expected to at best stay stable, and is likely to decline.
The density and area of occupancy of Grevy’s Zebra fluctuates seasonally as animals move in their
search for resources. During the dry season, when they are dependent on permanent water, animals
tend to be more concentrated. However, given that they can move up to 35 km from water even during
the dry season, their densities are never high. They are most abundant and most easily observed in the
southern portion of their range in southern Samburu and Laikipia counties, Kenya.
Current Population Trend: Stable
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Grevy’s Zebras live in arid and semi-arid grass/shrubland where they can gain access to permanent
water (Klingel 1974; Rubenstein 1986; Rowen and Ginsberg 1992; Williams 2002, 2013; Kebede 2013).
They are predominantly grazers, although browse can comprise up to 30% of their diet during times of
drought or in those areas that have been highly transformed through overgrazing (Kartzinel et al. 2015).
Breeding males defend resource territories (water and food being the key resources) of 2–12 km²; the
home range size of non-territorial individuals can be as large as 10,000 km² (Williams 2013). They are
extremely mobile and individuals have been recorded to move distances of greater than 80 km, with
movements determined by the availability of resources; lactating females, for example, can only tolerate
one or two days away from water (Klingel 1974; Rubenstein 1986; Rowen and Ginsberg 1992; Williams
2002, 2013). Hence when pastoral livestock monopolize water, Grevy’s Zebras suffer. They often mill
around watering points in the late afternoon waiting to drink, thus reducing foraging time. By drinking
predictably at night they are prone to predation by lions and in some areas when co-habiting with plains
Zebras, they are preferentially attacked (Rubenstein 2010). During the dry season, when they are
dependent on permanent water, Grevy’s Zebra may stay nearer to water and tend to be more
concentrated. However, in the Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, they are more concentrated during
the wet season in order to avoid the pastoralists and livestock that move into the area during that
season (Kebede et al. 2012).
Between 2010 and 2014 the population of Grevy’s Zebras inhabiting the Mpala, Ol Jogi and Pyramid
Conservancies in central Laikipia County, was monitored three times per year. During this period on
average the population consisted of: 33% adult males of which 17% were territorial and 16% were
bachelors; 40% adult females; 8% juveniles, half males and half females; and 19% infants of which 8%
were males, 8% were females and 3% were of undetermined sex (Rubenstein and Brown pers. obs.).
Therefore 33% adult males + 40% adult females gives 73% of the population as mature. Given that
population projection models show population stability is maintained when the percentage of recruits
(juveniles and foals) reach 30% (Rubenstein 2010), the Laikipia Grev’s Zebra population appears to be in
relatively good demographic health (between 2004 and 2014). A decade of data on sightings of Grevy's
Zebra numbers as well as age and sex class from scouts in the Meibae, Westgate, Sessia, Laisamas, Ngili
West and Kalama Conservancies show an that the percentage of recruits (foals and juveniles) has
increased from 9% to 22% of the population, with the 2016 Great Grevy's Rally showing a Kenya-wide
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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age structure of 28% recruits. This indicates that this population is approaching sustainability.
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade
In Kenya, Grevy’s Zebras are only hunted at subsistence level for meat and medicinal uses; commercial
trading of skins has ceased. In Ethiopia, killing of Grevy’s Zebra for meat and medicine is the primary
cause of the decline (Kebede 2013).
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
Kenya’s Grevy’s Zebra Technical Committee recently assessed and ranked the threats to Grevy’s Zebras.
In decreasing order they include: 1) Habitat degradation and loss induced by extremely heavy grazing by
livestock (Rubenstein 2010, Low et al. 2009); 2) Competition with livestock, especially over access to
water and high quality rangeland (Rowen and Ginsberg 1992; Williams 2002, 2013); 3) Local hunting for
meat as well as medicinal and cultural purpose; 4) Disease from contact with unvaccinated livestock,
especially with respect to anthrax and babesiosis (Hawkins et al. 2015); 5) Hybridization with plains
Zebras, although genes currently only flow from Grevy’s to plains Zebras (Cordingley et al. 2009); 6)
Predation (Rubenstein 2010); 7) Anticipated land conversion for resort development and other largescale initiatives for economic expansion.
In Kenya, hunting for skins in the late 1970s was the likely cause of the initial precipitous decline in
numbers. Recent data suggest that numbers continued to decline because recruitment was limited by
low levels of infant and juvenile survival. This was a result of competition for resources – both food and
water – with pastoral people and their domestic livestock (Williams 1998). However, a low level of
hunting of Grevy’s Zebra for food and, in some areas, medicinal uses continues (Williams pers. comm.
2002). Furthermore, access to existing water sources continues to decline in some regions and the water
supply in critical perennial rivers has been reduced, most notably in the Ewaso Ng’iro River where overabstraction of water for irrigation schemes has reduced dry season river flow by 90% over the past three
decades (Williams pers. comm. 2002).
In Ethiopia, the Grevy’s Zebra population was in a declining trend during the last 30 years, due to habitat
loss/fragmentation, drought, poaching and potential competition with livestock. Habitat loss, drought
and poaching were considered to be the major threats. Illegal killing of Grevy’s Zebra was the primary
cause of the decline (Kebede 2013). The Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve population is small and genetically
isolated. Initial population genetics research on the mtDNA control region revealed two new haplotypes
that so far are not found in any other Grevy’s Zebra populations. The nucleotide diversity levels for both
the Alledeghi and the southern Ethiopian populations were extremely low (Kebede et al. 2014).
Recently, Muoria et al. (2007) recorded an outbreak of anthrax in the Wamba area of southern
Samburu, Kenya, during which more than 50 animals succumbed to the disease. Further research on
disease prevalence is revealing that Grevy’s Zebra are a reservoir for Theileria and Babesia (tick borne
disease), and the first case of West Nile Virus has been found in one individual; the first detected in a
wild equid (Hawkins et al. 2015). Disease represents a significant potential threat to fragmented and
small populations of endangered species.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Listed on CITES Appendix I. Grevy's Zebra are legally protected in both Kenya and Ethiopia, although in
the latter, official protection has been limited. Changing attitudes of local pastoralist populations
towards the species has had dramatic effects on improving the ranging, foraging and drinking
capabilities of Grevy’s Zebras. Scout programs in which community members participate in gathering
essential data on the ecology and behaviour of their populations not only generates income, it
transforms the scouts into Grevy’s Zebra champions which in turn helps change community attitudes
and gather essential information when populations are at risk (Low et al. 2009). In addition, in Kenya
Grevy’s Zebras have been protected by a hunting ban since 1977. While under the Wildlife Conservation
and Management Act No 376 of 1976 (Part II of the First Schedule), Grevy’s Zebra was listed as a ‘Game
Animal’ (Williams 2002); there is a chance that they will be up-listed to a legally ‘Protected Animal’ in
Kenya.
At present, protected areas form less than 0.5% of the range of Grevy’s Zebra. In Ethiopia, the protected
areas are nominal (Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve, Borena Controlled Hunting Area and Chew Bahir/Chalbi
Wildlife Reserve). In Kenya, the Buffalo Springs, Samburu, Shaba N.R. complex and the private and
community land wildlife conservancies in Isiolo, Samburu and the Laikipia Plateau provide a core and
crucial protection of Kenya’s southern population of Grevy’s Zebra (Williams 2002). On the Laikipia
Plateau, protection and reduced competition with domestic livestock, have seen Grevy's Zebra numbers
increasing since they first expanded into this area in the early 1970s (Williams 2002, 2013). In addition,
changing attitudes in Samburu county, the centre of its distribution, has enabled Grevy’s Zebra to share
resources more equitably with livestock, thus increasing the proportion of infants and juveniles (Low et
al. 2009).
Habitat restoration through grass re-seeding and planned livestock grazing is targeting core habitat
areas in Grevy’s Zebra range. Close monitoring of Grevy’s Zebra body condition during prolonged
droughts is carried out by scouts and additional water provision made to ensure continued access to
declining water sources (http://www.grevysZebratrust.org/water-management.html). In addition,
supplementary feeding of Grevy’s Zebra during extreme drought is being piloted in Kenya (Grevy’s Zebra
Disease Response Committee, 2013), and appears to have prevented a population decline during the
2011 drought in the conservancies of central Samburu County (Low and Rubenstein pers. obs).
Kenya has completed its second conservation strategy for Grevy’s Zebra (KWS 2012). It has 5 strategic
objectives: 1) Coordination and implementation of the conservation and management strategy; 2)
Enhancement of stakeholder partnership in Grevy’s Zebra conservation; 3) Enhancement of Grevy’s
Zebra conservation and habitat management; 4) Establishment of a program for monitoring and
managing Grevy’s Zebra population health; and 5) Enhancement of transboundary Grevy’s Zebra
conservation.
In September 2016
a workshop involving Grevy’s zebra biologists, conservationists and the
governors of the five counties where Grevy’s zebras live will be convened by Kitili Mbathi, the Director
General of the Kenya Wildlife Service, at the Mpala Reseach Center. The workshop will explore options
that will move the populations from ‘ sustainable’ to increasing’ and identify actions that the governors
can commit to that will help make this happen. Future actions to increase numbers might include:
restoration of grasslands, improved water access, addressing high lion predation rates in Meru County,
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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and developing local capacity and supporting citizen science monitoring.
Ethiopia has held two workshops on the status and conservation of the Grevy’s Zebra. Research and
community-based conservation is on-going in the Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve. The Ethiopian Wildlife
Conservation Authority in collaboration with the IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group will be developing a
national species action plan in the near future.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Rubenstein, D., Low Mackey, B., Davidson, ZD, Kebede, F. & King, S.R.B.
Reviewer(s):
Ginsberg, J., Woodfine, T., King, J. & Moehlman, P.D.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
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Citation
Rubenstein, D., Low Mackey, B., Davidson, ZD, Kebede, F. & King, S.R.B. 2016. Equus grevyi. The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T7950A89624491. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
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External Resources
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For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
Resident
Marginal
-
4. Grassland -> 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
Resident
Suitable
Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
-
-
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Whole (>90%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.4. Scale
Unknown/Unrecorded
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.1. Nomadic grazing
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or
farming
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.2. War, civil
unrest & military exercises
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.11. Dams (size unknown)
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & water
management/use -> 7.2.8. Abstraction of ground
water (unknown use)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Bacillus
anthracis)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
-
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
-
-
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 1-10
Area based regional management plan: No
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level
5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
13
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 89260
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 270999
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Lower elevation limit (m): 300
Upper elevation limit (m): 2300
Population
Number of mature individuals: 1956
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
No. of subpopulations: 12
Continuing decline in subpopulations: No
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
14
Habitats and Ecology
Generation Length (years): 10
Movement patterns: Nomadic
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus grevyi – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en
15
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™