Download APES Final Exam Review – Fall 2016

APES Final Exam Review – Fall 2016
The final exam will be a comprehensive exam covering all topics we have studied this term (the majority of questions are from the 2nd semester,
but there will be some from the 1st semester as well – so be prepared). The exam will consist of 100 multiple choice questions and 2 FRQ’s –
divided over 2 days. On Wednesday, 12/14, you will have 45 minutes to complete the 2 FRQ questions. On Thursday, 12/15 you will have 90
minutes to complete the 100 multiple choice questions. To prepare for the exam, you should study all notes, handouts, labs and learning targets.
In addition, this review should help you to focus in on what is most important.
The AP Environmental Science 2nd semester final exam will consist of 2 parts:
1) TWO FRQ (ESSAY) QUESTIONS = WEDNESDAY, December 14th
2) MULTIPLE CHOICE = THURSDAY, December 15th
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Ch. 1 – Studying the State of our Earth = 1 question
Ch. 2 – Environmental Systems = 4 questions
Ch. 3 – Ecosystem Ecology = 3 questions
Ch. 4 – Global Climate & Biomes = 3 questions
Ch. 5 – Evolution of Biodiversity = 4 questions
Ch. 6 – Population & Community Ecology = 4 questions
Ch. 7 – Population = 9 questions
Ch. 8 – Earth Systems = 2 questions
Ch. 9 – Water Resources = 3 questions
Ch. 10 – Land, Public, and Private = 4 questions
Ch. 11 – Feeding the World = 6 questions
Ch. 12 – Nonrenewable Energy Resources = 9 questions
Ch. 13 – Achieving Energy Sustainability = 5 questions
Ch. 14 – Water Pollution = 10 questions
Ch. 15 – Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion = 12 questions
Ch. 16 – Waste Generation and Waste Disposal = 3 questions
Ch. 17 – Human Health and Environmental Risks = 5 questions
Ch. 18 – Conservation of Biodiversity = 2 questions
Ch. 19 – Global Change = 10 questions
Ch. 20 – Economics & Government = 1 question
 Total M.C. questions = 100 QUESTIONS
Ch. 1 – Sustainability
 Define ecosystem. Give an example.
 Reasons for extinction
 Ecosystem services
 Unit conversions/Dimensional Analysis
 Sustainable development
 Scientific Method / Experimental design
 Why does the study of environmental science differ from the study of other natural sciences?
Ch. 2 – Environmental Systems
 What is energy? How is it measured? Give an example. Be able to convert from one unit of Energy to another.
 Where does most energy on Earth come from?
 Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
 Positive vs. Negative Feedback loops
 Open vs. Closed systems
 1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
 Entropy
Ch. 3 – Ecosystem Ecology
 What are the most basic processes in an ecosystem?
 Chemical equations for photosynthesis & cellular respiration.
 Types & roles of individuals in an ecosystem . . . autotrophs, heterotrophs, consumers, decomposers, etc. . .
 What is the approximate energy transfer in a food chain?
 Biogeochemical cycles – know the basics of each cycle and the potential human impact on each.

Trophic levels
Ch. 4 – Global Climate & Biomes
 Climate vs. weather
 What factors affect climate of a region?
 Layers of the atmosphere
 High vs. Low pressure systems
 Rain shadow effect
 Upwelling – what is it and where does it occur?
 El Nino – what is it, where does it occur & what are the effects?
 Biomes – be able to read figure 12.2 on page 123.
Ch. 5 – Evolution of Biodiversity
 Biodiversity – what is it?
 What processes can create genetic diversity?
 What is an adaptation? Give an example.
 What is evolution? Give an example.
 How does evolution occur?
 Range of Tolerance . . . what is it? Give an example.
 Niche . . . what is it? Give an example.
 Resource partitioning . . . what is it? Give an example.
 Competitive exclusion principle
 Genetic Diversity & variability
Ch. 6 – Population & Community Ecology
 Population – know how to calculate population density, birth rates, death rates, growth rates, doubling time
 Density-dependent vs. density –independent factors
 Define population ecology.
 Symbiosis – what are the 3 main types? Examples of each.
 Predator/Prey interactions & adaptations
 Carrying capacity
 Exponential vs. Logistic growth
 Primary vs. secondary succession
 Consequences of Fire Suppression
 Keystone species
Ch. 7 – Population
 Current human population, growth rate & projections for the future
 Why have human populations grown so much in the last several thousand years?
 HIV . . . what region of the world is affected the most by this infection?
 TFR – what is it? What does it indicate about the growth of a country/region?
 Age structure – what is it? What do the different shapes indicate about the growth of a country/region?
 Solutions for the human population crisis? Factors that help /slows population growth
 What determines the impact of a region/country on the environment?
 Demographic transition
 Impacts of rapidly increasing human population
 Developed vs. Developing country
Ch. 8 – Earth Systems
 Rock cycle – know the basics
 Soil Layers
Ch. 9 – Water Resources
 Water distribution - % salt, glaciers, ground, etc. . . .
 Salt water intrusion – what is it and where does it usually occur?
Ch. 10 – Land, Public & Private
 Fire & succession – relationship to availability of material
 Fire suppression – history and results
 Clear-cutting vs. sustainable tree harvesting
Ch. 11 – Feeding the World
 Energy Subsidy
 Pesticides – what are they and the general categories?
 CAFO’s – what are they and what are their impacts?
 Sustainable farming methods
 Biological controls to replace pesticides – benefits and drawbacks
Ch. 12 – Nonrenewable Energy Resources
 What is energy? How is it measured? Give an example. Be able to convert from one unit of Energy to another.
 Non-renewable vs. renewable energy
 ½ life calculations
 Uranium-238
Ch. 13 – Achieving Energy Sustainability
 Passive vs. Active Solar energy
Ch. 14 – Water Pollution
 Eutrophication – what is it and how does it affect an aquatic ecosystem?
 BOD vs. DO
 Dead zone – causes and effects
 Indicator species in wastewater
 Acid mine drainage
 Sediment pollution
 Water pollution in developing vs. developed regions
 Clean Water Act
 Wastewater treatment
Ch. 15 – Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
 Layers of the atmosphere
 Clean Air Act
 What type of UV radiation does stratospheric ozone absorb?
 Stratospheric vs. tropospheric ozone
 Acid rain – what is it and what are the causes?
 Solutions to control air pollution
Ch. 16 – Waste Generation and Waste Disposal
 MSW generation in developed vs. developing regions
 What is the largest component of MSW in the US?
 Leachate from a sanitary landfill – what is it and what are the impacts?
Ch. 17 – Human Health and Environmental Risks
 What are the known public health issues related to exposure to radioactive material?
 What is the largest cause of disease in developing regions?
 What is the plague?
 Why could the use of antibacterial soaps lead to a future health problem?
 Bioremediation – what is it and what is it used for?
Ch. 18 – Biodiversity Conservation
 Human interaction with the environment & impact on biological diversity
 Species endangerment & extinction – major causes.
 Characteristics of species more likely to become endangered or extinct
 Legislation to protect species
Ch. 19 – Global Change
 Greenhouse Effect – what is it? What are the major greenhouse gases?
 UV vs. IR radiation
 Anthropogenic vs. Natural Greenhouse Gases
 What is the trend in greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere?
 What is albedo? How does it affect global change?
 What organization was created by the UN to understand and combat climate change?
 Even though there is more CO2 than CFC’s in the atmosphere, why would we be concerned about CFC’s in our atmosphere
as a potent greenhouse gas?
Ch. 20 – Economics & Government
 Natural vs. Manufactured capital
 Sustainability
 Environmental injustice