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Central Limit Theorem Section 5-5 M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman Addison Wesley Longman 1 As the sample size increases the distribution of sample means will approach a normal distribution. Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 2 Distribution of 200 digits From Social Security Numbers Frequency (Last 4 digits from 50 students) 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distribution of 200 digits Figure 5-19 Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 3 Table 5-1 x SSN digits 1 5 9 5 9 4 7 9 5 7 8 3 8 1 3 2 7 1 3 83 2 6 2 2 5 0 2 7 8 5 7 7 3 4 4 4 5 1 3 6 6 3 8 2 3 6 1 5 3 42 6 7 3 7 3 3 8 3 7 6 4 6 8 5 5 2 6 4 9 4.75 4.25 8.25 3.25 5.00 3.50 5.25 4.75 5.00 2 6 1 9 5 7 8 6 4 0 7 4.00 5.25 4.25 4.50 4.75 3.75 5.25 3.75 4.50 6.00 Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 4 Frequency Distribution of 50 Sample Means for Students 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distribution of 50 Sample Means Figure 5-20 Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 5 Normal, Uniform, and Skewed Distributions Figure 5-24 Normal Uniform Skewed Original population Sample means (n=5) Sample means ( n = 10 ) Sample means ( n = 30 ) Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 6 Normal, Uniform, and Skewed Distributions Figure 5-24 Normal Uniform Original population Sample means (n=5) Sample means ( n = 10 ) Sample means ( n = 30 ) Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 7 Normal, Uniform, and Skewed Distributions Figure 5-24 Normal Uniform Skewed Original population Sample means (n=5) Sample means ( n = 10 ) Sample means ( n = 30 ) Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 8 Central Limit Theorem Given: 1. The random variable x has a distribution (which may or may not be normal) with mean µ and standard deviation s. 2. Samples of size n are randomly selected from this population. Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 9 Central Limit Theorem Given: 1. The random variable x has a distribution (which may or may not be normal) with mean µ and standard deviation s. 2. Samples of size n are randomly selected from this population. Conclusions: Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 10 Central Limit Theorem Given: 1. The random variable x has a distribution (which may or may not be normal) with mean µ and standard deviation s. 2. Samples of size n are randomly selected from this population. Conclusions: 1. The distribution of sample means x will, as the sample size increases, approach a normal distribution. Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 11 Central Limit Theorem Given: 1. The random variable x has a distribution (which may or may not be normal) with mean µ and standard deviation s. 2. Samples of size n are randomly selected from this population. Conclusions: 1. The distribution of sample means x will, as the sample size increases, approach a normal distribution. 2. The mean of the sample means will be the population mean µ. s — 3. The standard deviation of the sample means will be n Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 12 Practical Rules Commonly Used : 1. For samples of size n larger than 30, the distribution of the sample means can be approximated reasonably well by a normal distribution. The approximation gets better as the sample size n becomes larger. 2. If the original population is itself normally distributed, then the sample means will be normally distributed for any sample size n. Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 13 Notation Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 14 Notation the mean of the sample means µx = µ the standard deviation of sample mean sx = s n (often called standard error of the mean) Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 15 Notation the mean of the sample means µx = µ the standard deviation of sample means sx = s n (often called standard error of the mean) Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 16 Notation the mean of the sample means µx = µ the standard deviation of sample mean sx = s n (often called standard error of the mean) Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 17 Sampling Without Replacement If n > 0.05 N Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 18 Sampling Without Replacement If n > 0.05 N s sx = n N–n N–1 Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 19 Sampling Without Replacement If n > 0.05 N s sx = n N–n N–1 finite population correction factor Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 20