Download During the Columbian Exchange, many diseases were passed on

Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: E [Interaction]: (Examples of Diseases Spread) During the Columbian Exchange, many diseases were passed on from the Old World to the New World and the New World to the Old World. Some of the diseases that passed from the Old World to the New World included smallpox, measles, malaria, influenza, chicken pox, and the yellow fever. The native indian population was devastated by these diseases since they had no prior exposure to them. The diseases spread rapidly through contact and through the air and the immune system of the native indians were not prepared for attack against these pathogens. The most deadly of the diseases for the natives was smallpox. Europeans and their slaves were immune to smallpox while it caused high fevers and vomiting for the Native Americans. Smallpox caused the death of thousands of Amerindians living in the New World. Some of the diseases that passed from the New World to the Old World included syphilis, polio, hepatitis, and encephalitis. Just like smallpox made enormous impacts on the Amerindians, syphilis left huge problems back in Europe. Syphilis was passed through sexual contact and was extremely common in sailors. Sailors were without their wives for the period of their journey, so they spread and contracted the disease to many. Syphilis became a huge epidemic in Europe and eventually spread to Russia and Africa. At first, the spread of syphilis was slow, but it eventually caused a rapid outbreak in Europe. Mikhal Ben-Joseph
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Paket: E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
The unknowing Christopher Columbus gave this cross-cultural exchange of crops, goods,
people, diseases, and animals, its namesake. In the period from 1450-1750, the most dominant
trade routes were collectively known as the Triangular Trade. The most important thing to
remember about this Atlantic System is that it united the four continents of North and South
America, Africa, and Europe in trading for the first time in history. Ships often travelled in a
clockwise direction to take advantage of current and wind patterns like the Gulf Stream and
Volto del Mar, and they would make 2 or more stops along the way, always carrying some type
of load. Many goods that were traded on this path drastically changed the staple diets and food
production systems of the world. From Europe to the Americas, many livestock were sent,
including horses, cows, wheat, pigs, barley, sugarcane, melons, and grapes. From Africa
(including Asian goods) to the Americas went fruits like
bananas, coffee, coconuts, and sugarcane, along with goats
and chicken. From the Americas to the Old World including
Europe, Africa, and indirectly Asia, went many influential
crops like corn, potatoes, and tobacco, along with tomatoes,
pumpkins, squash, beans, pineapples, peppers, chocolate, and
more.
Vincent Brando
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet: E
[​Interaction Between Humans and the Environment
​
]: (​Columbian​ Exchange)
After Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, every nation of the Old World wanted to
stake their claim of the new found territory. Numerous trade and exploration routes were sent to the
Americas in an attempt to bring back never before seen crops and commodities to their homelands. Crops
like sugarcane, maize, potatoes, and tobacco became major cash crops in the Old World due to their
rarity. Certain countries had different goals in mind. The Chinese were out for minerals, specifically silver
and gold. Britain had its sights set on colonization and
exploration. However, one thing no country expected to
bring back from the Western Hemisphere was disease.
Because these are non-native lands to the Old World, no
one had developed natural immunity to such illnesses
like smallpox or syphilis. As a result, many explorers
and Old World natives died due to the influx of foreign
diseases. The Columbian exchange also gave rise to the
interaction with Amerindians, the natives of the Americas. The natives taught European explorers
numerous survival methods, but some weren’t always so friendly. Many Amerindian tribes and European
explorers were hostile towards each other, and would kill the other group on sight, leading to vastly
differing interactions between explorers and natives, including war, peace, and enslavement, which would
become one of the Columbian Exchanges biggest exports.
Gabi Coutinho
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period III
Packet E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
Historian Alfred Crosby first used the term Columbian Exchange to describe the
biological and environmental changes that occurred after Columbus’s voyages with the transfer
of technology, people, animals, diseases, and plants between the Old and New World. Diseases
had a devastating effect on the New World’s native population, since it had never been exposed
to them due to isolation. The most common diseases spread were smallpox
(the deadliest), measles, influenza, pulmonary plague, diphtheria, malaria,
and yellow fever. The spread of disease contributed to the colonists’
success in occupying the Americas. The only disease that made its way to
the Old World was syphilis.
The lifestyle and diet of both settlers and natives was also affected by the transfer of
animals and plants. The Amerindians were introduced to wheat, grapes, olives, rice, and
sugarcane, and maize, manioc, beans, chocolate, and potatoes were introduced to the Old
World’s population. This rise in food variety from the New World increased Old World
populations, and many New World crops became staple foods, such as potatoes.
The animal exchange had a big impact on the environment and way of life. Even though
livestock affected the fields, they also provided meat and hides, and horses became an important
asset to Amerindians, improving their hunting and fighting ability. Some tribes, such as the
Comanche, emerged and became nomads due to the use of horses.
Abraham Garcia
AP World History
Hour 3
Interaction: The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the
term given to the exchange of technology,
plants, animals, and disease between the
Old World and the New World. The
Columbian Exchange began in 1492 when
Christopher Columbus landed in the New
World.
The Columbian Exchange brought
crops and animals between the Old and New
Worlds. The exchange of animals was predominantly from the Old World to the New World. These
animals included horses, pigs, and cattle. These animals allowed for animal labor in the New World,
which could not previously be achieved because of the absence of large animals. The Columbian
Exchange also allowed the diffusion of crops across the Atlantic Ocean. Crops such as sugarcane,
wheat, and bananas were brought from the Old World to the New World, and crops such as maize,
potatoes, and the tomato were brought from the New World to the Old World.
The Columbian Exchange also facilitated the exchange of disease. Smallpox, measles, and
influenza were brought from the Old World to the New World. These diseases would allow for the
weakening of native populations and their conquest by European nations. Syphilis, polio, and
hepatitis were brought from the New World to the Old World, but were not as devastating to the Old
World as the diseases introduced to the New World.
Luis Garcia
Mr. Tavernia
Period 3
Packet: E
Interaction: Soil Exhaustion
One result of the widespread plantation agriculture seen in the New World (the Americas) in the
Global Period is the depletion of soil nutrients, or soil exhaustion. The repeated cultivation of a
single crop on an area of land eventually depletes the soil of its nutrients, hindering its
agricultural productivity. Banana, coffee, cotton, and sugar plantations, among many other types
of plantation agriculture practiced in the Americas from 1450 to 1750, were known for their
exhaustive effect on soil. Often times, planters moved on to clear more land or utilize new
islands for agriculture
once previous plots have
been exhausted,
continuing the erosion and
exhaustion of the land.
Theme 1: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange
refers to a period of cultural and
biological exchanges between the
New and Old Worlds. Exchanges
of plants, animals, diseases and
technology transformed European
and Native American ways of life.
Beginning after Columbus'
discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery. The
Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic.
Advancements in agricultural production, evolution of warfare, increased mortality rates and
education are a few examples of the effect
of the Columbian Exchange on both
Europeans and Native Americans.
Columbus’ discovery of the Americas
launched an exchange of crops in a
phenomenon known as the Columbian
exchange. For example, ​horses, pigs,
chickens, rice, sugar cane, smallpox, malaria, and the common cold came from the Old World to
the New World, and maize and potatoes went from the New World to the Old World.
Rishab Jain
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/P.3
Packet E
[Interaction]: Northwest Passage
The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern ​Atlantic​ and ​Pacific Oceans
through the Arctic Ocean. For centuries many explorers tried to find this route in which crossing
over the Arctic Ocean over to Asia, but ultimately everyone failed during this time period. Many
explorers actually lost their life trying to find this Passage but it was impossible because of the
abundance of ice. The waterway is contested by North American countries and Europe in which
Canada believes that it is their water but Europe and the US believes that it is an international
strait for trade. The first group to explore this frontier were the Vikings but ever since Columbus
thought it was possible to cross through the ocean into asia many explorers tried to confirm this
fallacy. The Northwest Passage was explored by many explorers such as Henry Hudson, Sir
Humphrey Gilbert, and John Davis but they all failed to find this Passage. The Northwest
passage was something that explorers were trying to find which led to conquering new land but
at the end of the day there is no actual passage.
Leah Kapela
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet E
Theme 1: Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age is a period between 1300 and 1870. During this time, there
was significant changes in temperature. The drop occurred right after the warming
period that occurred during the medieval period.
Many areas were affected like Europe and the Americas. Farms that were
successful in growing plants were not able to produce enough crops because of the
drop in temperature. The sudden decrease in crops led to famine and a population
decline. The Baltic Sea and many rivers froze over in this time. Traveling became
difficult because of the ice that formed. Due to this, prices of certain crops like grain,
increased because of the difficulty of trying to grow any crops.
A recent theory that could explain what caused the Little Ice Age is that there
may have been massive tropical volcanic eruptions. Scientists supporting this theory
believed that there was a 50 year period of eruptions that affected the sea’s ice and
currents. The eruptions started around the
same years the little ice age was predicted to
occur. Other theories explain that the radiation
from the sun decreased enough that the
temperatures all dropped enough to create an ice age that lasted a long time.
Abhitya Krishnaraj
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges
between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and
technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. Beginning after
Columbus' discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion
and discovery. The
Columbian Exchange
impacted the social
and cultural makeup of
both sides of the
Atlantic.
Advancements in
agricultural production,
evolution of warfare,
increased mortality
rates and education are a few examples of the effect of the Columbian Exchange on
both Europeans and Native Americans.
Some of the diseases, animals, and plants brought to the New World included
these. Smallpox was the worst and the most spectacular of the infectious diseases
mowing down the Native Americans. Cattle and horses were brought ashore in the early
1600s and found hospitable climate and terrain in North America. Plants such as wheat,
and barley were brought from the Old World and greatly influenced the people in the
New World.
Sam Marx
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World Period 3
Packet E
Interaction- Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land
available for other uses. Deforestation occurs around the world, through tropical
rainforests are particularly targeted. Countries with significant deforestation include
Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, the Democratic Republic of Congo and other parts of Africa,
and parts of Eastern Europe. Though deforestation has increased rapidly in the past 50
years, it has been practiced throughout history.
Some of the common reasons to clear trees are to make more land available for
housing and urbanization, to harvest timber to create commercial items such as paper,
furniture and homes, to create ingredients that are highly prized consumer items, such
as the oil from palm trees, to create room for cattle ranching. Deforestation is also
considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. When trees
are degraded, they can set off a devastating chain of events both locally and around the
world causing the loss of species, hurts the water cycle, soil erosion, and decreases life
quality.
Jacob Mass
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet E
Interaction: Manila Galleons
The manila galleon is the term given to a specific ship from the globalization
period. As the world was expanding, many
countries began colonizing foreign soil. The
Spanish in particular used this type of ship, the
manila galleon, to travel to one of its specific
colonies, Manila, Philippines, hence its name.
This
boat is a more specific name for the
already extant galleon ship. As Manila became
a center for trade between Europe and China, many goods were passed through it,
including sliver, porcelain, and perfume; this would all travel back and forth on these
very ships. These ships
were extremely important
to the trading port; in fact,
if a boat were captured as it
sometimes was by English pirates, the port could face an economic depression. This
trade was sourced in Mexico, then controlled by Spain, and would continue until Mexico
gained independence from Spain.
Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet E Social: Social & Economic Classes The term yangban refers to members of the “two orders” of civil or military officialdom. Socially, they rank just below the king.. They governed society during the Joseon dynasty, which lasted from 1392 to 1910. As an elite class, they actively sought to keep it exclusive by only allowing marriages with other members of the yangban class. A defining characteristic of this class was the education they received. They were trained with both Confucian and Neo-Confucian texts. Eventually the protests and grievances of the “fallen” yangban eroded this class. Emily Moon
Period 3
Mr. Tavernia
Interaction: Deforestation
Deforestation is when forests and trees are permanently destroyed in order to
make that land available to other areas or for other purposes. Usually the land is
converted to be used as farms, ranches, or for other urban uses. The destruction of these
forests impacts the animals that live there, which in turn impact the humans and
ecosystem in the area where the forest once was. Since the forest that was a habitat for
many animals was destroyed with no chance of every regenerating, this had an effect on
the rest of the environment around it. Obviously, deforestation could not have occurred
without humans and their need for more land.
Ephraim Oyetunji
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: E
Interaction: Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age was a period of global cooling that took place from 1300-1870. The
global temperatures were below the average temperature of previous periods. Crops suffered and
farmers had to create twice as many fields to be able to produce the same output they had before.
This resulted in swidden agriculture in the new world and massive deforestation both the new
world and old world. Newly formed glaciers destroyed many European farms. Frozen bridges
materialized and allowed people to travel to lands that were previously difficult to navigate to.
Emily Pallack
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet E
Interaction:Smallpox
The origin of smallpox is unknown. Smallpox is thought to date back to the Egyptian
Empire around the 3rd century BCE (Before Common Era), based on a smallpox-like rash found
on three mummies. The earliest written description of a disease that clearly resembles smallpox
appeared in China in the 4th century CE (Common Era). Early written descriptions also
appeared in India in the 7th century and in Asia Minor in the 10th century.Smallpox was a
devastating disease. On average, 3 out of every 10 people who got it died. Those who survived
were usually left with scars, which were sometimes severe.One of the first methods for
controlling the spread of smallpox was the use of variolation. Named after the virus that causes
smallpox (variola virus), variolation is the process by which material from smallpox sores
(pustules) was given to people who had never had smallpox. This was done either by scratching
the material into the arm or inhaling it through the nose. With both types of variolation, people
usually went on to develop the symptoms associated with smallpox, such as fever and a rash.
However, fewer people died from variolation than if they had acquired smallpox naturally.The
basis for vaccination began in 1796 when an English doctor named Edward Jenner observed
that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox did not show
any symptoms of smallpox after variolation. The first
experiment to test this theory involved milkmaid Sarah
Nelmes and James Phipps, the 9 year-old son of
Jenner’s gardener.
Austin Park
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
4 February 2017
Theme 1: Caravel
The caravel was a small, highly maneuverable Portuguese sailing ship that was
developed in the fifteenth century. It was used to explore the West African coast and the
Atlantic Ocean. Because it had lateen sails, it was able to travel at fast speeds and
withstand sailing windward. Also, it was smaller than other kinds of boats and had a
shallow fin, which allowed it to sail upriver in shallow coastal waters. Rather than being
known as a good cargo ship, it was the best sailing vessel of its time. It was one of the
most pinnacle ships for Iberia’s ship development.
This shows how the people interacted with their environment. They realized that
if they made a boat that could be able to travel to many different places without much
difficulty, they would be able to discover many areas.
Matthew Robbins
Tavernia
AP World History – Period 3
February 6, 2017
Interaction - Smallpox
Smallpox is an infectious disease that is believed to have originated over 16,000 years
ago, well before the beginning of the Neolithic Era of human history. The earliest credible
evidence of the disease was found in Indian medical writings, the mummified body of Ramses V
in Egypt, and in China. Smallpox is known for ravaging populations worldwide, including the
devastating Plague of Athens and Antonine Plague, which each killed millions and led to the fall
of Roman Empire. Spread along Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean trading routes, and the Atlantic
System, smallpox was able to spread its effects worldwide. The most devastating effects of
smallpox were felt in the Americas, in which up to 90% of the population was killed after the
disease was introduced to the native people by Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors. Smallpox
is considered to be wiped out worldwide today thanks mostly to the development of
vaccinations.
Chey Sirota
Period 3
2/6/17
Packet: E
Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment
As trade grew, so did the need for natural resources and labor. With the
discovery of the New World came vast opportunity of trade. Crops such as potato
were imported into the Old World and resulted in population and empire growth in
Russia. Cash crops such as tobacco and sugarcane were mass farmed, consuming land
and labor to produce such quantities of food. This increase of food resulted in
healthier diets which increased the population of the old world.
Along with crops came the exchange of animals such as cows, sheep and pigs
along with rats that were introduced to the New World. These animals were mass
bred to support the ever growing population of the Old World.
The environment was negatively affected by the columbian exchange. Forests
were destroyed to support fleets of ships, single cash crop plantation systems were
utilized, clearing forests and
exhausting fields of nutrients.
Old world crops such as
sheep, pigs and cows also
cleared fields and destroyed
environment, competing with
native species for food.
Coco Zheng
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History pd. 3
Packet E
Mercator Projector
The world is round, and one can't project a round surface
perfectly onto a flat surface, like a map. As a result, the Mercator
Projector map stretches the landmasses more and more as it gets
closer to the poles, making it seem disproportionately big.
Dispite these imperfections Mercator projector was practical for
sailors before the GPS system was invented. A one degree turn on the
Mercator projector correlates to one degree in the real world. Despite
not always being the shortest route between 2 points, it was more
accurate than the other options available at the time.