Download infectious and non-infectious diseases

INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
10%
Due: Wednesday May 2, 2012
This assessment covers the following dot points from the syllabus content of Search for
Better Health
1) Identify data sources, gather process
and analyse information from
secondary sources to describe one
named infectious disease in terms of
its:
– cause
– transmission
– host response
– major symptoms
– treatment
– prevention
– control
2) Identify data sources, plan and
perform a first-hand investigation or
gather information from secondary
sources to analyse and present
information about the occurrence,
symptoms, cause ,treatment/management of
a named non-infectious disease.
non-infectious disease
It also covers skills which relate to gathering and presenting information from secondary
sources, including, but not only



accessing information from a range of resources, including popular scientific
journals, digital technologies and the Internet
selecting and using appropriate text types
selecting and using appropriate methods to acknowledge sources of information
Task Part 1 (36 marks)
You will need to choose and research two diseases – one infectious and one noninfectious.
Information on these two diseases is to be presented in a table provided. You must use
this table. Extra copies are available for drafts if you want. This table gives the marking
guide.
The writing must be clear, legible and fit the space provided. It has been made this size
so you don’t write too much - you will need to remember this information for the HSC
exam!
Before you complete this task the teacher will ask you which diseases you have chosen to
make sure one is infectious and one non-infectious.
Make sure you read these notes provided over the page. They will help you
complete your assignment accurately.
Task Part 2 (14 marks)
Read the articles on research into antibiotic resistance provided (articles 1 and 2), and
answer the questions. Use a separate piece of paper for the answers.
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.
Diseases can be classified as infectious and non-infectious.
Infectious disease is caused by an organism (or other infective agent). It can be passed from one
person to another. The syllabus lists the following types of pathogens (disease-causing agents):
prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, macro-parasites.
Non-infectious diseases are not caused by an organism. The syllabus lists three main types
(there are of course more than these and some diseases overlap): nutritional, inherited, and
environmental.
Notes for Infectious Disease:
 The infective agent should be identified by type, and named with its scientific name
(binomial) in the correct way – Genus species (or underline if hand writing)
 Any other relevant causal factors should be identified. These may relate to the host, the
environment and /or the pathogen itself.
 Occurrence (see under non-infectious)
 Transmission refers to how the pathogen is transferred from one host to another (eg. by air,
water, food, contact, vector)
 Host response means how the host resists the pathogen – involves immune response. Eg
are antibodies made?
 Symptoms are “recognisable, measurable, physiological changes in the host after a
sufficient incubation of the pathogen, when it starts damaging host body cells or upsetting
host homeostasis.” (Symptoms are useful in diagnosing disease.)
 Treatment refers to the course of action which assists the host to recover
 Prevention covers methods which help avoid infection by the pathogen. Often involve
transmission. Think about how a person might prevent themselves from getting this
disease. Can overlap with control.
 Control is to do with reducing the incidence of the disease in the community. Ask yourself –
how in Australia do we keep this disease from being widespread or common?
Notes for Non-Infectious Disease:
 Choose a disease you either know a lot about already from personal experience or is a
fairly simple one that fits a category easily
 If you choose cancer pick a type of cancer
 Some diseases do not fit well into any of the 3 categories listed – write another type if it is
more appropriate
 Cause - If your disease fits easily into one of the types of disease the cause should be
obvious. If not there may be many suspected causes or the cause/s may not be known well
at all.
 Occurrence is to do with when/where/how often it occurs – Do some population groups get
it more than others? Is it more common in some areas of the world? Has the incidence of
the disease changed historically? (often has to do with risk factors)
 Symptoms (see above)
 Treatment/management – ways the patient is helped to recover from and/or live with the
disease.
 Prevention -Think about how a person might prevent themselves from getting this disease.
Can overlap with control. Sometimes impossible to prevent!
 Control is to do with reducing the incidence and the cost of the disease in the community.
Ask yourself – how in Australia do we reduce the incidence of this disease and/or the
severity of this disease
References: You should use at least 4 references (2 for each disease). There should be a variety
of sources, not just web sites. References should be written as per the TAFE library brochure. A
web site should have the date it was accessed.
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.
Name:__________________________________________________
Table Comparing an Infectious Disease with a NonInfectious Disease
Make sure you read notes provided. They will help you complete your assignment accurately.
(Copies of this table will be available in class. Your answers must be put in this table)
Infectious Disease
Non-infectious Disease
Name
marks
-
Name and type
of pathogen OR
type of noninfectious
disease
/2
Factors
related to
cause
/4
Occurrence
/4
Transmission
Not applicable
/2
Host response
Not applicable
/2
Major
Symptoms
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.
/6
Treatment/
management
/6
Prevention
/4
Control
/4
References
/2
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.
Article 1:Hospital
hero? This frog has the
makings of a lifesaver
Nicky Phillips Sydney Morning Herald March 17, 2012
A living germ killer … a green and golden bell frog at Taronga Zoo. It belongs to a species
which secretes chemicals that can kill bacterial strains resistant to antibiotic drugs. Photo:
Nick Moir
NUCLEAR scientists are using native frogs to thwart hospital superbugs in work that
sounds more like the plot of a sci-fi thriller than legitimate research.
Sydney and Melbourne scientists are studying several species of Australian frogs including the green-eyed tree frog and the green and golden bell frog - whose skin
secretions are toxic to a range of bacteria, including multi-drug-resistant golden staph
know as MRSA.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can occasionally be fatal and have become a global public
health problem. Antimicrobial compounds known as peptides found in the milky secretions
of some frogs may be a wonder drug.
The research leader, Frances Separovic, a biophysical biologist, said most antimicrobial
peptides killed bacteria by puncturing or lysing (causing them to disintegrate) their
membranes. This made it hard for bacteria to develop resistance to them, Professor
Separovic, chemistry head at Melbourne University, said.
''On the other hand, most antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in a bacteria and, over time,
mutations in the bacteria lead to resistance to the antibiotics,'' she said.
To understand where and how the frog's anti-microbial peptides destroy a bacteria's
membrane, the team use a specialised instrument called a neutron reflectometer at the
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) to fire a narrow beam
of subatomic particles, called neutrons, onto the membrane.
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.
Anton Le Brun, a post-doctoral research fellow at ANSTO, said the technique allowed
scientists to see through the membrane and watch how the peptides worked.
''When you look at a brick wall you can see the surface, but the neutron reflectometer lets
us look through it and see what is underneath,'' Dr Le Brun said.
They found the positively charged antimicrobial peptides were attracted to bacteria
because they were negatively charged. ''Specificity is really important. You don't want the
peptides attacking a red blood cell,'' Professor Separovic said.
''By understanding the peptides' 3D structure and mechanism of action at a molecular
level, we may be able to increase their antibiotic potency,'' she said.
Dr Le Brun said the team studied synthetic chemical versions. ''I can assure you no frogs
were harmed in these experiments.''
Researchers Identify Antimicrobial Peptides
in Odorous Frogs
Article 2:
Posted: January 3, 2012
Researchers from the Kunming Institute of Zoology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have
identified a number of antimicrobial peptides in odorous frogs. In "Extremely Abundant
Antimicrobial Peptides Existed in the Skins of Nine Kinds of Chinese Odorous Frogs," Yun Zhang,
Wen-Hui Lee and Xinwang Yang report in the American Chemical Society's Journal of Proteome
Research that more than 700 antimicrobial peptides were found in the nine frogs studied.
The researchers noted that frogs live in environments with abundant bacteria; therefore, their skin
secretes antimicrobial peptides to protect them from infection.
cDNAs encoding precursors of 728 antimicrobial peptides, including all the precursors of the
confirmed 80 native peptides, were cloned from the constructed antimicrobial peptides cDNA
libraries of nine Chinese odorous frogs. These 728 antimicrobial peptides were grouped into 97
different families in which 71 novel families were identified. Out of these 728 antimicrobial
peptides, 662 antimicrobial peptides were novel and 28 antimicrobial peptides were reported
previously in other frog species.
It was concluded that identical antimicrobial peptides were widely distributed in odorous frogs and
49 presently identified antimicrobial peptides could find their identical molecules in different
amphibian species. While purified peptides showed strong antimicrobial activities against 4 tested
microbe strains, 23 deduced peptides were synthesized and their bioactivities, including
antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, immunomodulatory and insulin-releasing activities, were
evaluated.
The researchers hope their work will lead to the development of peptide antibiotics. Perhaps their
work can also be adapted for the development of new antimicrobials for cosmetics and other
consumer products. The study was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China and
The National Natural Science Foundation of China.
http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/biology/136597608.html
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.
Questions
From Article 1.
1. Identify the author, source and date of this article 1.
2. Why are scientists looking for alternatives to current antibiotics?
3. Explain why this antibiotic or antimicrobial may work better than present ones
4. Explain why nuclear scientists are involved.
5. Research the frog pictured (green and golden bell frog) and identify its native habitat.
From Article 2.
1. Identify the authors and source of the original article from which article 2 is summarised.
2. Explain the advantage of the skin of frogs having antimicrobial substances.
3. Explain why article 1 is easier to understand than article 2
4. Suggest 2 reasons why scientists might hope that their research will be used for “cosmetics and
other consumer products”?
Bankstown TAFE HSC Biology Disease Assignment 2012 RM version1
Printed copies of this document are not version controlled.