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PLO B6: Genetic Engineering …is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes Genetic Engineering (cont’d) Recombinant DNA (rDNA): DNA from one species inserted into another species – Usually use viruses & bacteria (E.coli) as hosts http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/ modules/hormones/en-flash/geneticeng.cfm Posted on website rDNA Example: insulin gene (from humans) I. Restriction enzymes are used to cut out the insulin gene from human DNA molecule II. plasmid (circular bacterial DNA) is removed from bacteria & cut with same restriction enzyme III. insulin gene is inserted into plasmid using DNA ligase (enzyme) IV. rDNA plasmid is put back into bacteria V. as bacteria divides the rDNA (& insulin gene) is replicated Genetic Engineering Applications 1. Protein production – e.g. insulin, HGH (in bacteria or yeast) p.530/526 Cloning a human gene human DNA p.530/526 in text human cell Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA bacterium human cell Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium insulin gene DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid recombinant DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium host cell takes up recombined plasmid insulin gene DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid recombinant DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium host cell takes up recombined plasmid insulin gene DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid cloning recombinant DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium host cell takes up recombined plasmid insulin gene DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid cloning recombinant DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium host cell takes up recombined plasmid insulin gene DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid cloning recombinant DNA cloned insulin gene Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cloning a human gene plasmid human DNA human cell restriction enzyme cleaves DNA bacterium host cell takes up recombined plasmid insulin gene DNA ligase seals human gene and plasmid cloning recombinant DNA cloned insulin gene Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. insulin 2. GMO’s (Genetically Modified Organism) – give new characteristic to an organism by inserting a foreign gene – plants: golden rice, new leaf potato – Bacteria – oil eaters, tooth decay – Animal models for human disease – Protein production – Dolly – Novelty p. 537/529 3. Gene Therapy is the • alteration of afflicted individuals’ genes (of the same species) could help with genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s, some cancers, AIDS Problems: • costly • human genes are hard to manipulate • difficult to get the new gene in the right spot • ethically questionable to experiment on humans • leads to Eugenic Engineering (“designer babies”) p. 539/534 4. Better/safer vaccines – flu, HIV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKv_gwZoJAU&feature=related – Advantages & Ethical Concerns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ixEDLa3Jlc&feature=related – Designer Babies
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