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S Sample any subset of a population. See Section 1.1. Sample space set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment; the outcomes cannot be further broken down. See Section 5.1. Sampling distribution the probability distribution of a sample statistic such as the probability distribution of sample means or sample proportions. See Sections 8.2 and 8.3. Sampling error resulting from sample fluctuations, the difference between a statistical measure computed from a sample and the value of the same statistical measure computed from the entire population. See Section 9.1. Scatter diagram in linear regression, a graphical display of data pairs (x, y). See Section 4.1. Significance level (∀) used in hypothesis testing to designate the probability of a type I error. See Section 10.1. Simple random sample See random sample. Simulation numerical facsimile or representation of a real-world phenomena. See Section 1.2. Skewed left a histogram or distribution in which the left side or tail is stretched out longer than the right. See Section 2.2. Skewed right a histogram or distribution in which the right side or tail is stretched out longer than the left. See Section 2.2. 1 Slope of least-squares line, b (sample), ∃ (population) the value b computed for the sample least-squares line y = a + bx or the value ∃ for the population least-squares line y = ∀ + ∃x. See Sections 4.2 and 12.5. Standard deviation, s (sample), Φ (population) square root of sample variance or population variance. See variance. See Section 3.2. Standard error of estimate Se used in linear regression, a measure of the spread between observed y values and corresponding predicted yp values over the entire scatter diagram. See Section 12.4. Standard error of the mean standard deviation of the population of all possible sample means Ë from samples of the same size taken from the same population. See Section 8.2. Standard normal distribution a normal distribution for which the standard deviation is 1 and the mean is 0. See Section 7.2. Standard score the quantity (data value – population mean) divided by population standard deviation. Also called z score. See Section 7.2. Statistic a numerical descriptive measure of a sample. See Section 8.1. Statistics the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data. See descriptive statistics and also inferential statistics. See Section 1.1. Stem-and-leaf display a graphical method used to rank-order and arrange data into groups. See Section 2.3. 2 Stratified sample a sampling method which divides the population into subgroups (strata) representing homogeneous characteristics. Elements of the sample are then selected from each stratum. See Section 1.2. Student’s t distribution a family of symmetric, bell-shaped probability distributions associated with small samples, first discovered by W.S. Gosset. See Section 9.2. Symmetric distribution a distribution which can be broken into two symmetric parts using a vertical line. The result is two halves, each of which is a mirror image of the other. See Section 2.2. Systematic sampling a sampling procedure in which every kth element is selected. See Section 1.2. 3