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2.1 NOTES MOLECULES TO METABOLISM MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • Why study molecular biology? • It explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved ORGANIC? • Organic Compounds • Contain Carbon • Exceptions: Hydrocarbons, carbonates, and all oxides of carbon (CO2) • Inorganic Compounds • Do not contain carbon ORGANIC! • CHNOPS • Carbon is one of the most important elements in all of biology. • Makes 4 covalent bonds which allows a diversity of stable compounds • Major Carbon containing compounds • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins Category Sub Category Examples Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides Maltose, lactose, sucrose polysaccharides Starch, glycogen, cellulose Protein Enzymes, antibodies, hormones Lipids Triglycerides, phospholipids Nucleic acids DNA,RNA STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Glucose (6 Carbon monosaccharide) • • • • Sugar (simple carbohydrate) Product of photosynthesis Broken down during cellular respiration 6 carbon ring structure STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Ribose • Carbohydrate found in RNA (type of nucleic acid) • One of the most important molecules in photosynthesis (ribulose biphosphate binds carbon diozide in the calvin cycle) • 5 carbon ring structure CARBOHYDRATES • Carbohydrates can be divided into three groups based on their structures • Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Examples: glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose CARBOHYDRATES • Disaccharides • Two simple sugars bonded together • Examples: Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose CARBOHYDRATES • Polysaccharides • More complex, • Composed of multiple types of carbohydrates • Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Amino Acids • Subunits of proteins • 20 different types • Contain amino group, a Carboxylic acid group, and a variable “R” group STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Fatty Acids • Basis of the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membarne • Phospholipid= fatty acids + phosphate group • Triglycerides, a very common organic molecule consists of fatty acids + glycerol
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