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The Importance of Public Awareness When Implementing a Trap-Neuter-Release Program Nicolette Sliwa Just One Species is Responsible for... • 1.3-4.0 billion bird deaths/year • 40 species of birds extinct • 6.3-22.3 billion mammal deaths/year • 20 species of small mammals extinct (Doherty et al. 2016) • “Fear Effect” (Bonnington et al. 2013) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiU1pG8vPrRAhUH8IMKHQ-9BsYQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenmorrisauthor.com%2Fbooks%2Fstormwolf%2F&bvm=bv.146094739,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNE9hQKXLW6UEqTyRyY2nHkbicXTpw&ust=1486436177276865 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi5_OnqvvrRAhVO8WMKHcGfAF4QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdailynewsdig.com%2Fvenomous-snakes-adoptpet%2F&bvm=bv.146094739,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNFR4W7Er8iQOEGkP6-fnZC9Fbt9Ww&ust=1486436817799377 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjM1aG4v_rRAhXIyVQKHQmVBPsQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUyAXYeGVOi4&bvm=bv.146094739,d.cGw&psi g=AFQjCNFTQDTN--IyzcrxkXZMTTSw5hIDsQ&ust=1486436973673018 Outline • Background Terminology Direct and Indirect Effects Pertinent to Conservation • Study Proposal Methods Data Analysis Limitations Importance/Application Bibliography Background Terminology • • “Free Ranging” • Unowned and completely independent (“feral”) • Unowned and partially dependent (“semi-feral”) • Owned with limited outdoor access (“free-ranging pets”) Owned with no outdoor access (“pets”) Direct and Indirect Effects • Prolific hunters • Zoonotic Diseases (Dabritz et al. 2010) • Rabies • Toxoplasmosis • Risk to Other Cats (Appleby et al. 2014) • FIV • FeLV From Figure 1 of Lepczyk et al. (2010) Conservation Implications • Combatting population growth with TNR program Success is controversial • Misconceptions with TNR program & Colony dynamics (Crowell-Davis et al. 2004) • • Natoli et al. (2006) • 32% reduction in colony size after 6 years • 75 to 965 colonies Castillo et al. (2003) • At least one new cat every month--much smaller scale • Education is critical http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjeguXA4vrRAhVJfiYKHfI ZBPwQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fthemeowmission.org%2Ftnr%2F&bvm=bv.146094739,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNH7BG14RcbNGwKvw1ES6YOdCsQ-w&ust=1486446343471161 Study Proposal Methods • 1 City, 10 Neighborhoods: • Population ~40,000 (Elizondo et al. 2016) • Socio-economic status (Finkler et al. 2011) • Development (Schmidt et al. 2006) • No previous TNR programs http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjQ2Pal5_rRAhUD8CYKHYexCvsQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fio wahumanealliance.org%2Ftrapneuterrelease&bvm=bv.146094739,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNHJKvSqyKaw137gfJ1Ec9ikhckz3w&ust=1486447639906430 Methods, cont. ‘TNR-Awareness’ Neighborhoods • Public awareness campaign • • • • • True purpose of a TNR URL for more details Q&A session Shelters willing to accept ownerrelinquished cats How to report a colony Control Neighborhoods • Little/no public involvement • How to report a colony Methods, cont. • Population estimates pre- and post-program implementation Trail cameras with mark-resight method • • Poisson log-normal mark-resight mathematical model (Elizondo et al. 2016) Reported colonies • Ongoing measurement • • Trapped cats requiring neutering Three-year study (McCarthy et al. 2013) From Elizondo et al. (2016) supplemental information. Data Collection ‘TNR--Educated’ Neighborhoods Control Neighborhoods Pre-TNR Pre-TNR Post-TNR • Reported colonies • Trail camera markresight • Reported colonies • Trail camera markresight Ongoing • Ear-tipped cats trapped Post-TNR • Reported colonies • Trail camera markresight • Reported colonies • Trail camera markresight Ongoing • Ear-tipped cats trapped Data Analysis • Repeated-Measures ANOVA • • • • Reported colonies Trail camera mark-resight Ear-tipped cats trapped Post-hoc tests • Tukey’s HSD Intervention No Intervention Pre-TNR A A Post-TNR B A Limitations • Trail cameras • Over 95% confident (Elizondo et al. 2016) • Problems all-black cats pose • Reliance on the public for colonyreporting Importance and Application • TNR programs have been criticized as “ineffective” • Reducing cat populations also reduces threats to • Over-hunting of prey species • Human health risks associated with increased human-cat contact • Cat-to-cat health risks Bibliography Appleby MC, Weary DM, Sandoe P. 2014. Dilemmas in animal welfare. Oxfordshire: CABI; p 148-164. Bonnington C, Gaston KJ, Evans KL. 2013. Fearing the feline: domestic cats reduce avian fecundity through trait-mediated indirect effects that increase nest predation by other species. J Appl Ecol [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 10]; 50(1): 15-24. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier. Castillo D, Clarke AL. 2003. Trap/neuter/release methods ineffective in controlling domestic cat “colonies” on public lands. Nat Area J [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 20]; 23(3): 247-53. Available from: Web of Science. Crowell-Davis SL, Curtis TM, Knowles RJ. 2004. Social organization in the cat: a modern understanding. J Feline Med Surg [serial online]. [cited 2017 Feb 5]; 6(1):19-28. Available from: ScienceDirect. Dabritz HA, Conrad PA. 2010. Cats and toxoplasma: implications for public health. Zoonoses Public Health [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 20]; 57(1): 34-52. Available from: Web of Science. Doherty TS, Glen AS, Nimmo DG, Ritchie EG, Dickman CR. 2016. Invasive predators and global diversity loss. P Natl Acad Sci USA [serial online]. [cited 2016 Dec 18]; 113(40):11261-11265. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier. Elizondo EC, Loss SR. 2016. Using trail cameras to estimate free-ranging domestic cat abundance in urban areas. Wildlife Biol [serial online]. [cited 2016 Dec 18]; 22(1):246-252. Available from: Web of Science. Bibliography, cont. Finkler H, Hatna E, Terkel J. 2011. The influence of neighbourhood socio-demographic factors on densities of free-roaming cat populations in an urban ecosystem in Israel. Wildlife Res [serial online]. [cited 2017 Fen 4]; 38(3): 235-43. Available from: ScienceDirect. Lepczyk CA, Dauphine N, Bird DM, Conant S, Cooper RJ, Duffy DC, Hatley PJ, Marra PP, Stone E, Temple SA. 2009. What conservationist biologists can do to counter trap-neuter-return: response to Longcore et al. Conserv Biol [serial online]. [cited 2017 Feb 4]; Available from: ScienceDirect. Natoli E, Maragliano L, Cariola G, Faini A, Bonanni R, Cafazzo S, Fantini C. 2006. Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome (Italy). Prev Vet Med [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 20]; 77(1): 180-5. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier. Schmidt PM, Lopez RR, Collier BA. 2006. Survival, fecundity, and movements of free-roaming cats. J Wildlife Manage [serial online]. [cited 2016 Dec 18]; 71(3):915-919. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier. Are There Any Questions? http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=image s&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj0mfTGtfrRAhXCqlQKHS RrDD4QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiltshirecatteries.co. uk%2Fservices%2Frescue.html&psig=AFQjCNEOjfc3Eir7k0KcwI2bmUcZahJ5Q&ust=1486434266091194