Download TNR Awareness - Augustana Digital Commons

The Importance of Public
Awareness When Implementing a
Trap-Neuter-Release Program
Nicolette Sliwa
Just One Species is Responsible for...
•
1.3-4.0 billion bird deaths/year
•
40 species of birds extinct
• 6.3-22.3 billion mammal deaths/year
• 20 species of small mammals extinct (Doherty et al. 2016)
•
“Fear Effect” (Bonnington et al. 2013)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiU1pG8vPrRAhUH8IMKHQ-9BsYQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenmorrisauthor.com%2Fbooks%2Fstormwolf%2F&bvm=bv.146094739,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNE9hQKXLW6UEqTyRyY2nHkbicXTpw&ust=1486436177276865
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi5_OnqvvrRAhVO8WMKHcGfAF4QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdailynewsdig.com%2Fvenomous-snakes-adoptpet%2F&bvm=bv.146094739,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNFR4W7Er8iQOEGkP6-fnZC9Fbt9Ww&ust=1486436817799377
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjM1aG4v_rRAhXIyVQKHQmVBPsQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUyAXYeGVOi4&bvm=bv.146094739,d.cGw&psi
g=AFQjCNFTQDTN--IyzcrxkXZMTTSw5hIDsQ&ust=1486436973673018
Outline
• Background
Terminology
Direct and Indirect Effects
Pertinent to Conservation
• Study Proposal
Methods
Data Analysis
Limitations
Importance/Application
Bibliography
Background
Terminology
•
•
“Free Ranging”
•
Unowned and completely independent (“feral”)
•
Unowned and partially dependent (“semi-feral”)
•
Owned with limited outdoor access (“free-ranging pets”)
Owned with no outdoor access (“pets”)
Direct and Indirect Effects
• Prolific hunters
• Zoonotic Diseases (Dabritz et al. 2010)
•
Rabies
•
Toxoplasmosis
• Risk to Other Cats (Appleby et al. 2014)
•
FIV
•
FeLV
From Figure 1 of Lepczyk et al. (2010)
Conservation Implications
• Combatting population growth with TNR program
Success is controversial
• Misconceptions with TNR program & Colony dynamics
(Crowell-Davis et al. 2004)
•
•
Natoli et al. (2006)
•
32% reduction in colony size after 6 years
•
75 to 965 colonies
Castillo et al. (2003)
•
At least one new cat every month--much smaller scale
• Education is critical
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjeguXA4vrRAhVJfiYKHfI
ZBPwQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fthemeowmission.org%2Ftnr%2F&bvm=bv.146094739,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNH7BG14RcbNGwKvw1ES6YOdCsQ-w&ust=1486446343471161
Study Proposal
Methods
•
1 City, 10 Neighborhoods:
•
Population ~40,000 (Elizondo et al. 2016)
•
Socio-economic status (Finkler et al. 2011)
•
Development (Schmidt et al. 2006)
•
No previous TNR programs
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjQ2Pal5_rRAhUD8CYKHYexCvsQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fio
wahumanealliance.org%2Ftrapneuterrelease&bvm=bv.146094739,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNHJKvSqyKaw137gfJ1Ec9ikhckz3w&ust=1486447639906430
Methods, cont.
‘TNR-Awareness’ Neighborhoods
•
Public awareness campaign
•
•
•
•
•
True purpose of a TNR
URL for more details
Q&A session
Shelters willing to accept ownerrelinquished cats
How to report a colony
Control Neighborhoods
•
Little/no public involvement
•
How to report a colony
Methods, cont.
• Population estimates pre- and post-program
implementation
Trail cameras with mark-resight method
•
•
Poisson log-normal mark-resight mathematical
model (Elizondo et al. 2016)
Reported colonies
• Ongoing measurement
•
•
Trapped cats requiring neutering
Three-year study (McCarthy et al. 2013)
From Elizondo et al. (2016) supplemental information.
Data Collection
‘TNR--Educated’ Neighborhoods
Control Neighborhoods
Pre-TNR
Pre-TNR
Post-TNR
• Reported colonies
• Trail camera markresight
• Reported colonies
• Trail camera markresight
Ongoing
• Ear-tipped cats trapped
Post-TNR
• Reported colonies
• Trail camera markresight
• Reported colonies
• Trail camera markresight
Ongoing
• Ear-tipped cats trapped
Data Analysis
•
Repeated-Measures ANOVA
•
•
•
•
Reported colonies
Trail camera mark-resight
Ear-tipped cats trapped
Post-hoc tests
•
Tukey’s HSD
Intervention
No
Intervention
Pre-TNR
A
A
Post-TNR
B
A
Limitations
•
Trail cameras
• Over 95% confident (Elizondo et al. 2016)
• Problems all-black cats pose
•
Reliance on the public for colonyreporting
Importance and Application
• TNR programs have been criticized as “ineffective”
• Reducing cat populations also reduces threats to
• Over-hunting of prey species
• Human health risks associated with increased human-cat contact
• Cat-to-cat health risks
Bibliography
Appleby MC, Weary DM, Sandoe P. 2014. Dilemmas in animal welfare. Oxfordshire: CABI; p 148-164.
Bonnington C, Gaston KJ, Evans KL. 2013. Fearing the feline: domestic cats reduce avian fecundity through trait-mediated indirect effects that
increase nest predation by other species. J Appl Ecol [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 10]; 50(1): 15-24. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search
Premier.
Castillo D, Clarke AL. 2003. Trap/neuter/release methods ineffective in controlling domestic cat “colonies” on public lands. Nat Area J [serial online].
[cited 2017 Jan 20]; 23(3): 247-53. Available from: Web of Science.
Crowell-Davis SL, Curtis TM, Knowles RJ. 2004. Social organization in the cat: a modern understanding. J Feline Med Surg [serial online]. [cited 2017
Feb 5]; 6(1):19-28. Available from: ScienceDirect.
Dabritz HA, Conrad PA. 2010. Cats and toxoplasma: implications for public health. Zoonoses Public Health [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 20]; 57(1):
34-52. Available from: Web of Science.
Doherty TS, Glen AS, Nimmo DG, Ritchie EG, Dickman CR. 2016. Invasive predators and global diversity loss. P Natl Acad Sci USA [serial online].
[cited 2016 Dec 18]; 113(40):11261-11265. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier.
Elizondo EC, Loss SR. 2016. Using trail cameras to estimate free-ranging domestic cat abundance in urban areas. Wildlife Biol [serial online]. [cited
2016 Dec 18]; 22(1):246-252. Available from: Web of Science.
Bibliography, cont.
Finkler H, Hatna E, Terkel J. 2011. The influence of neighbourhood socio-demographic factors on densities of free-roaming cat populations in an
urban ecosystem in Israel. Wildlife Res [serial online]. [cited 2017 Fen 4]; 38(3): 235-43. Available from: ScienceDirect.
Lepczyk CA, Dauphine N, Bird DM, Conant S, Cooper RJ, Duffy DC, Hatley PJ, Marra PP, Stone E, Temple SA. 2009. What conservationist biologists
can do to counter trap-neuter-return: response to Longcore et al. Conserv Biol [serial online]. [cited 2017 Feb 4]; Available from: ScienceDirect.
Natoli E, Maragliano L, Cariola G, Faini A, Bonanni R, Cafazzo S, Fantini C. 2006. Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of
Rome (Italy). Prev Vet Med [serial online]. [cited 2017 Jan 20]; 77(1): 180-5. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier.
Schmidt PM, Lopez RR, Collier BA. 2006. Survival, fecundity, and movements of free-roaming cats. J Wildlife Manage [serial online]. [cited 2016 Dec
18]; 71(3):915-919. Available from: Ebsco Academic Search Premier.
Are There Any Questions?
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=image
s&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj0mfTGtfrRAhXCqlQKHS
RrDD4QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiltshirecatteries.co.
uk%2Fservices%2Frescue.html&psig=AFQjCNEOjfc3Eir7k0KcwI2bmUcZahJ5Q&ust=1486434266091194