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WEEK FOUR VOCABULARY ATP Synthase-­‐ a protein complex that uses a hydrogen ion gradient to drive forward the production of ATP. In eukaryotes, found in mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, found in plasma membrane. Autotrophs-­‐ organisms that obtain food without consuming other organisms C4 Pathway-­‐ CO2 is used to make a 4 carbon compound before the Calvin cycle begins. Separating CO2 and 4 carbon compound allows CO2 to continue moving into the plant. Evolved in hot and dry reasons. Calvin Cycle-­‐ Second stage of photosynthesis where CO2 turned into a carbohydrate. Sometimes called the light independent reaction. CAM Pathway-­‐ Pathway that uses crassulacean acid metabolism. CO2 enters the plant at night and is stored as organic acid. During the day, the organic acid is converted to CO2 for us in the Calvin cycle while the stomata are closed. This pathway aids in water retention. Carbon Fixation-­‐ Process by which CO2 is converted into another organic compound by an autotroph. Chemiosmosis-­‐ Using energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient to do work. ATP synthase for example, uses chemiosmosis. Chlorophyll-­‐ a pigment found commonly in plant cells that is used to convert solar energy to chemical energy. Chloroplast-­‐ Organelle that uses the energy from sunlight to synthesize organic compounds. Contains Chlorophyll. Found in plants and some protists. Cyclic Electron Flow-­‐ During light reactions of photosynthesis, electrons flow through photosystem I and produce ATP (no NADPH or O2) Electrochemical Gradient-­‐ diffusion gradient of an ion accounting for both the concentration difference (chemical force) and the charge of either side (electrical force) G3P-­‐ short for glyceraldehyde 3-­‐phosphate. An intermediate in several reactions including photosynthesis. Can be thought of as the end product of photosynthesis which is then converted to glucose and other molecules. Heterotrophs-­‐ Organism that obtains organic material by eating the material of other organisms. Light Reactions-­‐ The first stage in photosynthesis where chloroplasts are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy of ATP or NADPH. Oxygen is released. NADP+ / NADPH-­‐ an electron carrier Non-­‐Cyclic Electron Flow-­‐ process using both photosystem I and II to produce ATP,NADPH, and O2 Photolysis-­‐ “light cut” meaning a process in which light breaks down molecules. Used by plants in light dependent reactions to produce hydrogen gradient. Photons-­‐Particle of light energy. Photophosphorylation-­‐ Proton-­‐motive forced generated across chloroplast used to generate to make ATP from ADP: a phosphorylation process (process that adds phosphate) that uses light Photosynthesis-­‐ conversion of light energy to chemical energy which is stored in the form of carbon compounds. Used by plants and some protists. Photosystem-­‐ Light capturing unit in thylakoid membrane. Photosystem I and II differ in the wavelength of light that they capture best Rubisco-­‐ Rubisco is an enzyme catalyzing the first step of Calvin cycle (CO2+RUBP) RUBP-­‐ 4 carbon compound that is used in photosynthesis to form intermediate compounds Stroma-­‐ dense fluid surrounding thylakoid membrane; where organic molecule synthesis occurs Thylakoids-­‐ sac inside chloroplast containing the molecules needed to convert light into chemical energy Wavelength-­‐ distance between the tops of waves that is used to measure light. Different colors have different wavelengths.