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Lecture Notes on Precalculus
Eleftherios Gkioulekas
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Copyright 2010
Eleftherios Gkioulekas. All rights reserved.
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The main online lecture notes website is: http://faculty.utpa.edu/gkioulekase/
You may contact the author at: [email protected]
Last updated: February 1, 2015
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Contents
Trigonometric identities
PRE1: Review of geometry
PRE2: Trigonometric functions
PRE3: Trigonometric identities
PRE4: Trigonometric equations and inequalities
PRE5: Application to Triangles
PRE6: Vectors
PRE7: Sequences and series
PRE8: Conic sections
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2
3
Trigonometric identities
a±b
⇓
sin(a ± b) = sin a cos b ± sin b cos a
cos(a ± b) = cos a cos b ∓ sin a sin b
tan a ± tan b
tan(a ± b) =
1 ∓ tan a tan b
cot a cot b ∓ 1
cot(a ± b) =
(!!)
cot b ± cot a













2a
⇓
sin(2a) = 2 sin a cos a
cos(2a) = cos2 a − sin2 a = 2 cos2 a − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 a
2 tan a
tan(2a) =
1 − tan2 a
cot2 a − 1
cot(2a) =
2 cot a
=⇒
I sin(a + b) sin(a − b) = sin2 a − sin2 b
I cos(a + b) cos(a − b) = cos2 a − sin2 b
3a =⇒
sin(3a) = −4 sin3 a + 3 sin a
cos(3a) = +4 cos3 a − 3 cos a
tan(3a) =
3 tan a − tan3 a
1 − 3 tan2 a
In terms of
cos 2a
⇓
1 + cos(2a)
1
−
cos(2a)
sin2 a =
cos2 a =
2
2
1 + cos(2a)
1 − cos(2a)
2
2
tan a =
cot a =
1 + cos(2a)
1 − cos(2a)
tan(a/2)
⇓
2 tan(a/2)
1 − tan2 (a/2)
sin a =
cos
a
=
1 + tan2 (a/2)
1 + tan2 (a/2)
2 tan(a/2)
1 − tan2 (a/2)
tan a =
cot
a
=
2 tan(a/2)
1 − tan2 (a/2)
Transformation to
sum
⇓

2 sin a cos b = sin(a − b) + sin(a + b) 
2 cos a cos b = cos(a − b) + cos(a + b)
=⇒

2 sin a sin b = cos(a − b) − cos(a + b)
product
⇓
a±b
a∓b
sin a ± sin b = 2 sin
cos
2
2
a+b
a−b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
cos
2
2
a+b
b−a
cos a − cos b = 2 sin
sin
(!!)
2
2
sin(a ± b)
tan a ± tan b =
cos a cos b
sin(b ∓ a)
cot a ± cot b =
(!!)
sin a sin b
Also note the factorizations:
(π/2) ± a
(π/2) ∓ a
cos
2
2
a ± (π/2 − b)
a ∓ (π/2 − b)
I sin a ± cos b = sin a ± sin(π/2 − b) = 2 sin
cos
2
2
I 1 + cos a = 2 cos2 (a/2)
I 1 − cos a = 2 sin2 (a/2)
I 1 ± sin a = sin(π/2) ± sin a = 2 sin
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References
The following references were consulted during the preparation of these lecture notes.
(1) Pistofides (1988): “Algebra. I.”, unpublished lecture notes.
(2) Pistofides (1989): “Algebra. II.”, unpublished lecture notes.
(3) Xenou (1994): “Algebra and Analytic Geometry. 1”, , Ekdoseis ZHTH.
(4) Xenou (1995): “Algebra B”, Ekdoseis ZHTH.
Lecture notes by Pistofides are available for download at
http://www.math.utpa.edu/lf/OGS/pistofides.html