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Semester 2 Study Guide
Name _____________________________
Period _____ Date __________________
**Warning! This is a guide only! Be sure to review your notebook, labs, and textbook before the test!
Chapter 14 and 15: Work and Energy
Formulas:
W=Fxd
P=W
P=Fxd
t
t
MA = OF
MA = ID
KE = ½mv2
IF
OD
PE = mgh
g = 9.8 m/s2
Vocabulary:
Work
Simple machine
Movable pulley
Actual
Efficiency
power
lever
fixed pulley
input distance
energy
Efficiency =WO x 100
WI
Efficiency = OF x OD x 100
IF x ID
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
input force
inclined plane
mechanical advantage
output distance
kinetic energy
output force
pulley
ideal
fulcrum
potential energy
Key Concepts:
1. Explain the difference between an input force and an output force
2. Explain how a machine makes work easier and what it means to have an MA of 1, <1, and >1
3. List and describe one example of each of the six types of simple machines and the three classes of levers
4. Calculate the mechanical advantage and efficiency of a lever, inclined plane, and pulley.
5. Be able to state the Law of Conservation of Energy and use it to determine the potential and kinetic energies
6. Calculate the potential and kinetic energy of objects.
Chapter 16: Heat and Temperature
Formulas:
F = (9/5 x C) + 32
C = 5/9 (F – 32)
Q=mcT
Q=m Lf
Vocabulary:
Kinetic Theory
specific heat
melting point
condensation point
convection
temperature
heat of fusion
freezing point
expansion
radiation
K =C + 273
Q=m Lv
heat
heat of vaporization
boiling point
contraction
Kelvin Scale
conduction
thermometer
absolute zero
Chapter 16: Heat and Temperature continued
Key Concepts:
1. Explain the kinetic theory and how it relates to temperature and heat.
2. Explain how a thermometer works.
3. Explain the difference between heat and temperature
4. Be able to convert between the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales of temperature. What is the
significance of the Kelvin Scale?
5. Graph, read and explain the heating curve of a substance, such as water.
6. Describe specific heat and how it explains Portland’s mild climate.
7. Explain the differences and similarities between heat of fusion and heat of vaporization.
8. Be able to calculate the amount of heat energy necessary to change the state of a substance and raise or
lower the temperature of a substance. Which formula do you use in each case?
9. Explain the differences between conduction, convection, and radiation and give an example of each.
Chapter 17: Waves, Wave Properties, and Sound
Formulas:
v = f
v=
f=1
v=d
T
T
t
Vocabulary:
amplitude
longitudinal wave
wave
crest
diffraction
wavelength
interference
mechanical wave
transverse wave
medium
refraction
reflection
trough
electromagnetic wave
Key Concepts:
1. Distinguish between different types of waves
2. Draw a wave and label all of its parts.
3. Use the kinetic theory to explain differences in wave speeds in solids, liquids, and gases.
4. Distinguish between reflection, diffraction and refraction.
5. Describe how sound waves travel through the human ear.
6. Do calculations using the above formulas.
Chapter 18: Light
Vocabulary:
wave model
diffraction
diverging
photoelectric effect
refraction
electromagnetic spectrum
interference
photon
reflected ray
reflection
normal
polarization
incident ray
particle model
Key Concepts:
1. Give examples of the different types of radiant energy on the electromagnetic spectrum.
2. Describe what happens to the intensity of light as you move away from a light source.
3. Describe the significance of the speed of light.
4. Draw a normal line and label the angle of incidence and angle of reflection for a reflected light ray.
5. Draw the path taken by a light ray as it is refracted by a faster or slower substance.
6. Describe the dual nature of light. When does it behave like a wave? When does it behave like a particle?
Chapter 25 and 26: The Universe
Vocabulary:
universe
interstellar matter
constellation
supernova
solar system
eclipse
star
cluster
red giant
neutron star
asteroid
waxing
galaxy
red shift
white dwarf
black hole
nebular model
waning
light-year
Big Bang theory
supergiant
planet
moon phases
Key Concepts:
1. Explain and recognize the phases of the moon.
2. Explain and recognize eclipses.
3. Name, locate, and describe the planets and other celestial bodies in our solar system.
4. Describe the different types of galaxies.
5. Describe the universe and the Big Bang theory. Describe possible futures for the universe.
6. Describe the life cycle of stars of various masses.
Chapter 22: Planet Earth
Vocabulary:
crust
lithosphere
fault
epicenter
Magnitude scale
mantle
plate tectonics
convergent plate
primary wave
igneous
inner core
magma
divergent plate
secondary wave
sedimentary
outer core
subduction
focus
surface wave
metamorphic
Key Concepts:
1. Describe and label the layers of the Earth
2. Explain the processes that produce different types of rock
3. Determine the relative ages of a cross section of rock
4. Describe the evidence for plate tectonics, the different type of plate boundaries, and relate them to volcanoes
and earthquakes
5. Define an earthquake, the three types of seismic waves, and find the epicenter of an earthquake
Chapter 24: The Atmosphere
Vocabulary:
troposphere
temperature inversion
mesosphere
thermosphere
stratus
precipitation
cirrus
Key Concepts:
1. Describe and label the layers of the atmosphere
2. Explain how clouds are formed in the atmosphere.
3. Explain, recognize, and demonstrate seasons.
stratosphere
stratus
cumulus
ozone