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{ CIVILIZATION The Beginning of Civilization What factors led to the growth of civilization over the nomadic lifestyle? What is a civilization? How is a city different from a civilization? Civilization Defined: a form of culture with cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology Emerge because of: Agriculture Specialized labor Cities What do the 4 early civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus, China) have in common? 4 River Civilizations Nile River – Egypt Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – Mesopotamia Indus River – Indus Valley Yellow & Yangtzee Rivers – China What are the benefits of water? Access to fresh water For drinking, fishing Little sanitation Fertile Soil Grow crops Easy Transportation Quicker than land Ability to trade Create an Advertisement for Water Imagine you live in one of the 4 river civilizations Include a well thought-out image or picture Give at least 3 DETAILED benefits (not just “transportation”) Include a funny/interesting/ironic slogan for your advertisement Problem/Solution Protection from invaders: build walls, ditches, military weapons, find allies Need water for crops: Irrigation ditches, man made streams Difficult to plant & harvest: tools (plows), selective planting, more people Need order and peace: create laws, police/army, religion, government Need to know when to plant and harvest: map the stars, weather patterns, almanacs/records GRAPES & Civilization Geography: location, natural resources, crops Religion: Beliefs (creation, life death), gods, myths Achievements: language, art, science, inventions, architecture, literature Politics: form of gov’t, laws/rights, leaders, war, peace Economics: resources, trade, products, taxes, specialized jobs Social Structures: social classes, status/power, gender roles, education, mobility LANGUAGE { Problems?? What are the problems with using pictures and drawings to represent ideas/things? How does our language (English) solve this problem? Spoken Language We don’t know when spoken language originated – no direct evidence Speculated at 100,000 – 300,000 years ago (??) Pre-dates any uniform written language Written Language Origins Cuneiform: Written Sumerian language (Mesopotamia) [Government?] Used for tax records Hieroglyphics: Picture writing of ancient Egypt (Religious?) Used symbols of common items in Egypt The Rosetta Stone 196 B.C. – tax records and statue construction orders Written in a spoken Egyptian dialect (demotic language), hieroglyphics and Greek 25 years to translate to hieroglyphics Discovered by Napoleon in 1799 A.D. Indus Valley + Sanitation Located in Pakistan and India One of the earliest public water system Some cities had toilets connected to sewer system Wells used to bring water into homes Why was Mesopotamia in the “Fertile Crescent?” Located in modern day Iraq Region has curved shape – sort of like a crescent moon Land is very fertile – located between two major rivers Farmers there grow wheat and barley But, it went through long periods without rain – How to solve this problem?? Ancient Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent “Cradle of Civilization” About 4000 BC Mesopotamia’s Successes Modern agriculture Organized irrigation World’s first city-states Trade internally and externally Crop surpluses allowed for long distance trade Continued Successes Created and used first known number system – emergence of math One of earliest written languages (Cuneiform, Phoenician alphabet) Culture Hammurabi’s Code – 1st uniform law code Rid society of evil-doers, Outline government responsibilities Gods controlled forces of nature TRE – Thesis, Reasons, Evidence Thesis (Complete): Mesopotamia was gifted as an early civilization because… TRE Continued Reasons: 1. Its location gave it many environmental advantages. 2. (Think of your own) 3. (Think of your own) TRE part 3 Evidence: Reason 1: Location/Environment Evidence 1: located between two rivers, which made transportation within and outside the civilization easier Evidence 2: (think of your own) Ancient Egypt { Nile River Longest river in the world – 4,100 miles Life-blood of Egypt Nile River Flooding Environment Desert barrier Less war, less trade Predictable flooding (seasons) Not much usable land Government & Religion Pharaohs are god-kings Polytheism Pharaohs ruled after death Mummification saved body for afterlife Pyramids = burial chambers Egyptian Burial Sarcophagus protects the physical body