Download 尼罗河的礼物——埃及尼罗河的礼物——埃及

尼罗河的礼物
尼罗河的礼物
——埃及
——埃及
埃及的历史
Histroy
☆历史分期
①前王朝时期Pre-Dynastic Period（3600－2650BC），1－10Dyn.
Mastaba
②古王国Old Kingdom （2650－2050BC）,11-17Dyn.
Pyramids
③中王国Middle Kingdom（2050－1570BC）,18-30Dyn.
青铜时代，岩窟墓Rock-cut Tomb
④新王国 New Kingdom （1570－715BC）
Mortuary Temples, Temple of gods
⑤托勒密王朝Late Kingdom （715－332BC） ：受希腊化影响
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
Introduction
• The History of Western
Architecture begins in ancient
Egypt .Ancient Egyptian forms
represent the beginning of
monumental western
architecture .Even to the later
Greeks and Romans ,Egyptian
architecture was considered
ancient and mysterious .
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
Introduction
• Under 30 dynasties which endured 30
centuries, the political ,social and
economic structure of Egypt was an
extremely stable civilization .For
3000years,the way of life in Egypt
continue mostly unchanged and many
of the basic architectural forms
remained constant. As a result ,
people lived with a great sense of
security and continuity under the
ruling King .The King was the head of
the Egyptian state ,both in politics
and religion, but was also
considered the all powerful god.
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
Introduction
• Ancient Egyptian culture was one of
the most successful in the history
of the world because of its
continuity and ability to create so
many grand monuments over such a
long period of time .It was not until
Alexander the Great conquered Egypt
in 332BC that the ancient Egyptian
way of life ended and Egypt became
part of the great Roman Empire.
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
埃及的地理环境
The Nile River Valley defined the
limits of human activity as the
valley was protected on the east
by the mountains and on the west
by the desert. The Nile River was
the source of life for ancient
Egyptians. Each summer the River
swelled with rain and overflowed
its banks on the banks on the way
to the Mediterranean Sea. As the
waters receded, the fertility of the
soil produced agricultural wealth
which gave the Egyptians security
and contentment.
The ancient Egyptians
thought of Egypt as being
divided into two types of
land, the 'black land' and
the 'red land'.
The 'black land' was the fertile land on the banks
of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this land
for growing their crops. This was the only land in
ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a
layer of rich, black silt was deposited there every
year after the Nile flooded.
The 'red land' was the
barren desert that
protected Egypt on two
sides. These deserts
separated ancient Egypt
from neighbouring
countries and invading
armies. They also
provided the ancient
Egyptians with a source
for precious metals and
semi-precious stones.
The Nile River was also a means of
transportation and communication
which helped maintain a closely
connected country. The visual
character of the Nile valley influenced
the architects to create an architecture
that could stand up against the scale
and grandeur of the great Nile River,
the steeps cliffs and immense desert
as well as the ambitious demands of
each King or Queen.
On the banks of the Nile, the
Egyptians built their cities, temples
and tombs. Not much is known of
their houses and commercial
buildings because they were built
from unprotected sun-dried bricks
and wood which eventually
decomposed. Even with the
weathering of time, the temples
and tombs remain mostly intact
because they were constructed out
of massive and permanent stone
block. The royal tomb was a
monument and final home for the
dead King which contained a vault
or chamber for his body. The royal
temple was a place of worship and
was sometimes dedicated to a
King or Queen with a special place
for their burial.
The other powerful force which
influenced Egyptian architecture
was the religious belief in life after
death. To keep the soul alive, it
was necessary to preserve in
death all that existed in life. Within
the chambers of the tomb were
statues of the King, furniture,
artwork, jewelry, cooking utensilsin all, the Pharaoh’s
possessions and anything else he
would need in afterlife. Even the
King’s body was preserved
through a special process called
mummification. He was then
placed in the mummy case and
sealed into the royal tomb. If
properly buried, the King would
live forever to protect the Egyptian
people.
埃及的神祇
The ancient Egyptians believed in many
different gods and goddesses. Each one
with their own role to play in maintaining
peace and harmony across the land.
The ancient Egyptians believed that it was
important to recognise and worship these
gods and goddesses so that life continued
smoothly.
世俗的生活
世俗的生活
世俗的生活
世俗的生活
世俗的生活
世俗的生活
神的化身——法老
The most powerful person in ancient
Egypt was the pharaoh. The pharaoh
was the political and religious leader of
the Egyptian people, holding the titles:
'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest
of Every Temple'.
死亡与永生
The earliest ancient Egyptians buried
their dead in small pits in the desert.
The heat and dryness of the sand
dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating
lifelike and natural 'mummies'.
Later, the ancient Egyptians
began burying their dead in
coffins to protect them from
wild animals in the desert.
Over many centuries, the
ancient Egyptians developed a
method of preserving bodies so
they would remain lifelike. The
process included embalming
the bodies and wrapping them
in strips of linen. Today we call
this process mummification.
通往永生的金字
塔
☆金字塔的演变
① Mastaba：模仿贵族住宅的早期陵墓形式。
② Mastaba的叠加：Pyramid of King Zoser,
Old Kingdom, 2778BC
③ 折线金字塔 ： Pyramid of King Dahshur,
Old Kingdom, 2723BC
④成熟的金字塔：Great Pyramids of Gizeh.
Old Kingdon, 2530-2470BC
Pre-Dynastic Period
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
Pre-Dynastic Period
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
Pre-Dynastic Period
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
Pre-Dynastic Period
古埃及建筑史
Egyptian Architecture:3600BC-240BC
The form represented permanence, stability and power. It also represented
geometric perfection with all sides aligned to the points of the compass north,
east, south and west.
Materials - massive granite, limestone or sandstone blocks finished with
a casing of limestone The limestone smoothed the surface to make the
pyramid appear more geometrically perfect. Sometime granite slabs were
also used for casings.
Method of Construction - not actually known, but there are many
theories about different types of ramps One thing for sure, lots of manpower
Peasants were paid with food and clothing to work on the pyramids except
during harvest season when construction temporarily stopped.
Mastaba, First Dynasty, 3600-2600BC
The earliest royal tombs were the mastabas which were built for the royals
and for the nobility class during the First Dynasty @3200BC. The mastaba
was the precursor of the pyramid . Mastabas were small, rectangular
structures with battered walls and flat roofs. They were made from sundried brick and then faced with limestone block to appear more solid and
permanent. These small structures were built over underground tombs
that were connected to the outside by a small air shaft. Only the chapel or
sanctuary could be entered. The chapel was used for offerings to the soul
with a small chamber which held a statue of the dead.
Pyramid of King Zoser. Old Kingdom. 2700BC
During the Old Kingdom, the first pyramid-shaped tomb
known as the Pyramid of King Zoser was built at Saqqara.
This pyramid was actually not a pyramid, but a step-pyramid
made from a series of mastabas placed one on top of another.
It was built under the direction of the architect. Imohtep considered by many historians to be the first known architect
of western history.
The 200‘ (61m) step-pyramid was located at the center of an
immense, rectangular funerary complex which was 900\1800’
(270m x 540m) and surrounded by a 33‘ (9.7m) high stone
precinct wall .This wall was built in a pattern of evenly spaced
projections with just one entrance door. After passing through
the precinct wall, one came to a long entrance hall with 2 rows
of half-columns attached to great PIERS which supported a
massive stone ceiling above. These half-columns were the first
column-like forms in the history of western architecture - forms
because they were not free-standing columns. The entrance
columns were designed with vertical grooving to imitate
bundles of reeds. Bundles of reeds were traditionally used as
supports for Egyptian buildings.
Great Pyramids of Giza: Khufu, Khafra and Menkaure,
Old Kingdom, 2530-2470BC
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient
Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built
at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most wellknown of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is
known as the 'Great Pyramid'.
Great Pyramids of Giza: Khufu, Khafra and Menkaure,
Old Kingdom, 2530-2470BC
The step-pyramid had been refined
into the purely geometric form of the
pyramid - expressing stability,
permanence and protection of the
soul within. These pyramids were
precisely built with the sides aligned
with the points of the compass (north,
east, south and west). Each base was
a perfect square and absolutely level.
The Great Pyramid was part of a complex that included a
special walkway, two temples, other pyramids, boat pits and
the mastabas of nobles.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A、入口
B、梯型走廊
C、地下室
D、维护通道
E、上升通道
F、王后墓室
G、通气孔
H、大长廊
I、接待室
J、国王墓室
K、重力缓解室
All of this was an amazing feat of engineering considering the fact that
the wheel had not yet been invented. The massive stones of the
pyramids were often cut miles away, carried by boat along the Nile River,
then rolled on huge rollers or pulled on sleds up ramps to the building site.
Finally, the stones were piled in ascending steps around the massive
core. The stepped stones were then covered with a final layer of smooth
limestone slab which created the smooth, pure geometry of the pyramid.
岩窟墓
Tomb
Rock-cut
岩窟墓
Tomb
Rock-cut
岩窟墓
Tomb
Rock-cut
During the Middle Kingdom, the Egyptians stopped building
the great royal pyramids. At Beni Hasan the final type of
royal tomb was carved out of living rock (solid rock). The
many tombs at Beni Hasan were carved into the great cliffs
lining the Nile River. Although the architecture was hollowed
out of massive rock, 3 basic elements of Egyptian
architecture were used.
1 the colonnaded portico (covered porch)
2 the columned hall with statues
3 the recessed sacred burial chamber
The column forms at Beni Hasan represent many of the
different Egyptian column forms.
德埃巴哈里（Del-el-Bahari）建筑群
曼都赫特普二、三世墓（2061-1998BC）
哈特什帕苏墓（1490-1469BC）
中王国（2130~1580BC）上埃及，首都底比斯
埃及神庙建筑
This Temple was the largest Egyptian temple ever built . Construction
started at 1500BC and was added on to by many Kings over a
period of 1000 years. The Temple of Amun was built in the typical
temple plan.
The typical Egyptian temple plan consisted of the following elements:
• Axials Processional Path: a long sequence of exterior and interior
spaces aligned symmetrically moving from open sunlignts to
mysterious darkness
• Precinct wall: an enclosing wall
• Entrance Pylon: an entrance gate with battered (sloping) walls and
rows of sculpture (such as statues of sphinxes) leading to the
one ,main entrance
• Obelisks: monoliths (soild stones) with 4 sides and gradually
tapered to a pyramidal top; placed in a symmetrical pair around the
entrance.
• Countyard: one or two countyard surrounded by high walls and
sometimes open to the sky above or encircled by a roofed
colonnaded walkway
• Hypostyle Hall: a roofed hall supported by many closely spaced,
enormous columns and lighted by small, clerestory windows above
• Sanctuary : the smallest and darkest place in the temple ,the place
for worship
新王国（1580~332BC）首都底比斯 卡纳克的阿蒙神庙
新王国（1580~332BC）首都底比斯
卡纳克的阿蒙神庙
埃及神庙建筑
As you step out of the temple your eyes adjust to
the bright sunlight. In front of you is a large pool of
water. This is the sacred lake, once used in
temple rituals.
埃及神庙建筑
The ancient Egyptians believed that temples were
the homes of the gods and goddesses. Every
temple was dedicated to a god or goddess and
he or she was worshipped there by the temple
priests and the pharaoh.
The pylon was the large gate at the front of the
temple. The walls of the pylon were decorated
with carved and painted scenes of the pharaoh,
gods and goddesses. In front of the pylon were
obelisks and large statues of the pharaoh.
埃及神庙建筑
The courtyard was a large open room without a
roof. The outer walls showed scenes of the
pharaoh in battle. The inner walls showed the
pharaoh making offerings to the gods and
goddesses. People were only allowed to enter the
temple courtyard on festival days.
埃及神庙建筑
The large temple buildings were made of stone so
that they would last forever. Their walls were
covered with scenes that were carved onto the
stone then brightly painted. These scenes showed
the pharaoh fighting in battles and performing
rituals with the gods and goddesses.
埃及神庙建筑
The second hall was filled with columns and was
very dark. Only the high priests and the pharaoh
could ever enter this part of the temple.
The walls of the second hall were decorated with
carved and painted scenes showing the pharaoh
with gods and goddesses.
埃及神庙建筑
In the middle of the sanctuary stood the shrine where
the statue of the god or goddess was kept. The
ancient Egyptians believed that sometimes during
rituals the god or goddess would enter the statue.
The walls of the sanctuary were decorated with
scenes of the gods and goddesses.
埃及神庙建筑
The sacred lake was a pool of water next to the
temple. It represented the world before time began.
The priests used water from the sacred lake to
perform rituals in the temple.
纸莎草立柱
后:纸草,象征下埃及
前:莲花,象征上埃及
柱式
柱式
柱式
新王国（1580~332BC）首都底比斯
卢克索的阿蒙神庙
斯芬克斯大道
卢克索神庙大门
巴黎协和广场，1836
鲁克索阿蒙神庙拉美西斯塔门
右方尖碑运往巴黎协和广场
☆牌楼门
Pylon of
Horus Temple
托勒密时期
叙事与纪念
地平线上的大山
方尖碑运往伦敦
和纽约中央公园
☆牌楼门
托勒密时期
Pylon of Horus Temple
新王国（1580~332BC）首都底比斯
阿布辛贝勒神庙
新王国（1580~332BC）首都底比斯
阿布辛贝勒神庙
托勒密王朝时期（321~30BC）首都亚历山大
菲莱的伊西斯神庙
托勒密王朝时期（321~30BC）首都亚历山大
菲莱的伊西斯神庙
第一大门
柱廊庭院
托勒密王朝时期（321~30BC）首都亚历山大
菲莱的伊西斯神庙
棕
榈
叶
式
花
篮
盛
放
式
莲花、纸草花篮盛放式（象征上、下埃及联合）
柱式
埃及的文字
古埃及
• 内容纲要
从美尼斯统一（～3000BC）到332BC被
希腊人征服止，历经31个王朝，一般分为5个
时期（早期王国、古王国、中王国、新王国、
后期埃及），地理位置从多沙漠的尼罗河下游
（北部）到多山岩的南部上游，建材也从土坯、
芦苇到石材。炎热的气候，灼人的阳光，使人
们不得不把屋顶、墙壁做得很厚，窗洞很小。
且神庙与陵墓是古埃及主要建筑类型，因而，
埃及古代建筑给人的印象是封闭与神秘。建筑
的发展情况分为古王国、中王国、新王国、晚
期等4个历史时期。
• 主要建筑特点与成就（同济）
1、以石材为建筑材料，采用梁柱结构；
2、遵循因地制宜的原则；
3、建筑与装饰融合在一起，建筑构件表面总
是布满雕刻；
4、成功的纪念性建筑设计：建筑布局沿中轴
线作纵深序列，对称布置，大规模、大尺度，
稳定的几何形体。
分组讨论课题一
金字塔传说
埃及装饰纹样
时间：本周四
汇报内容：PPT展示、课堂答辩