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Business Communication Chapter 4 Basics of English Grammar Copyright 2010 South-Western Cengage Learning 2 4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences SWBAT: Identify the eight major parts of speech Identify subjects and predicates in sentences Identify clauses and phrases in sentences Parts of Speech Noun Adverb Pronoun Preposition Adjective Conjunction Verb Interjection 4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences 3 4 Sentence Parts Sentence- a group of related words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. Subject- is the person who is speaking, the person who is spoken to, or the person, place, or thing spoken about (It’s what the sentence is about) Sentence predicates: The complete Predicate- is everything in the sentence said by, to, or about the subject. Whatever is not included in the complete subject of a sentence belongs in the complete predicate 5 Sentence Parts Objects and subject complements An object is a noun, pronoun, clause, or phrase that functions as a noun. Direct objects- helps complete the meaning of a sentence by receiving the action of the verb. Indirect objects- receives the action that the verb makes on the direct object A sentence cannot have an indirect object without a direct object Subject complements 6 Clauses, Phrases, and Fragments Clause- a group of words with a subject and a predicate Phrase- a group of related words with no subject or predicate Fragment- an incomplete sentence that may or may not have meaning 4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences 7 Sentence Structure Simple sentences Example: Theodore sings and acts. Compound sentences Example: Erin loves to ride horses; Manuel loves to draw horses. Complex sentences Example: Although it is important to proofread a written message, many people feel they do not have the time. 4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences 8 4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives SWBAT: Identify nouns, pronouns, and adjectives Create the plural form of nouns Use nouns, pronouns, and adjectives correctly in sentences. 9 Nouns Noun- a word used to name people, places, or things Proper nouns – names a specific person, place or thing. Always have a capital letter Common nouns – identifies a person, place or thing in a general way Singular and plural nouns Collective nouns- represent a group that usually acts as a single unit. Ex – tribe or jury Possessive nouns- ones that show ownership 4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 10 Pronouns Pronoun- words used in place of nouns. Personal pronouns Nominative case Objective case Possessive case Intensive and reflective pronouns Interrogative and demonstrative pronouns 4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 11 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Pronoun antecedent- a noun or phrase that is replaced by a pronoun Pronouns and antecedents should agree in: Person Number Gender Compound antecedents Indefinite pronoun agreement 4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 12 Adjectives Adjective- a word that describes or limits nouns, pronouns and phrases that act as nouns Articles Nouns and pronouns used as adjectives Compound adjectives 4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 13 Adjectives Comparison of adjectives Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree Absolute adjectives 4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 14 Verbs Verb: a word that expresses action, a state of being, or a condition Types of verbs Action verbs Linking verbs State of being verbs 4.3 Verbs and Adverbs 15 Verbs Tenses Simple tenses Present Past Future Perfect tenses Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect 4.3 Verbs and Adverbs 16 Verbs Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs Voice Active voice Passive voice 4.3 Verbs and Adverbs 17 Subject and Verb Agreement Number Intervening phrases “A number,” “the number” Names of companies Amounts Compound subjects 4.3 Verbs and Adverbs 18 Adverbs Adverb: a word that modifies an action verb, an adjective, or another adverb Conjunctive adverbs Comparison of adverbs Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree 4.3 Verbs and Adverbs 19 Prepositions Preposition: a word that connects a noun or pronoun to other words to form a phrase Prepositions introduce phrases Prepositional phrases may modify: Nouns (acting as adjectives) Action verbs Adjectives Adverbs 4.4 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 20 Conjunctions Conjunction: a word or phrase that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses Coordinate conjunctions Correlative conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Parallel construction 4.4 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 21 Interjections Interjection: a word or phrase used primarily to express strong emotion Have no grammatical relationship with other words in the sentence 4.4 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 22 Vocabulary active voice adjective adverb clause collective noun conjunction direct object fragment indirect object interjection noun passive voice phrase possessive noun predicate preposition pronoun pronoun antecedent sentence subject verb verb tense
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