Download Topic 5 - Processors

PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Module 5 - Processors
 Overview
◊ It is a single chip CPU.
◊ It is an electronic component integrated with thousands and
millions of transistors for performing arithmetic and logic
operations.
◊ The first processor under Advanced Technology is 80286. 80386,
80486 and the other Pentium processors.
 Lesson Covered in this Module
◊ Microprocessors
◊ Advanced Processors
◊ Choosing, Installing and troubleshooting a processor
2
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Lesson 1 - Microprocessors
 Introduction
◊ A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor
◊ The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and
Logic Unit and the Control Unit
◊ It performs functions like executing the instructions given
by the user program, controlling the I/O operations and
the functions of peripheral devices
3
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Lesson 1 - Microprocessors
 Topics Covered in this Lesson
◊
Microprocessors
◊
Logic Gates
◊
Number Systems
◊
System Bus
◊
8085 Microprocessor
◊
8086 Microprocessor
◊
8088 Microprocessor
◊
Support Chips used in 8088
4
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 1 – Microprocessor
◊ The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is used for performing
Arithmetic and logic operations
◊ The Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
◊ The logic operations are taking decision based on same
conditions.
◊ Block diagram of Microprocessor
5
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 2 – Logic Gates
 AND Gate
◊ AND gate is a logic
gate which produces
an output “1” if both
the inputs are “1”.
 OR Gate
◊ The output of OR gate
is logic 1 if any one of
its input is logic 1.
6
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 2 – Logic Gates
 NOT gate or Inverter
◊ If the input is logic 1 the
output is 0 and vice
versa.
 XOR Gate
◊ The output of XOR gate
is one if one input is
complement
of
the
other.
7
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 2 – Logic Gates
◊ NAND gate
◊ The output is logic 1 if at least one input is logic 0.
◊ The Register unit is used to store data.
◊ The control unit controls operations like generating the
control signals for reading, and writing data to memory
or I/O devices.
8
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Number Systems
 The different numbers systems in use are
◊ Decimal Number System which has numbers in the range
0 to 9
◊ Octal Number System which has the numbers in the 0 to
7
◊ Binary Number System which has the numbers 0 and 1
◊ Hexadecimal Number System which has the numbers in
the range 0 to 9 and A to F
9
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Number Systems
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
◊ For example: (29)10 converted to binary
29/2 = 14
14/2 = 7
7/2 = 3
3/2 = 1
1/2 = 0
remainder
remainder
remainder
remainder
remainder
1
0
1
1
1
◊ (Decimal) 27 = Binary (11101)2
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 For example: (11101)2
1
1
1
0
1
1*24 =16 1*23 = 8 1* 22 = 4 0*21 = 0 1*20= 1*1= 1
 Binary number (11101)2 = ( Decimal) 16+8+4+0+1= 29
10
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Number Systems
 Hexadecimal Number System
 The hexadecimal numbers are 0 to 9 and A to F.
Decimal
Hexadecimal
Binary
1
01
0000 0000
2
02
0000 0010
3
03
0000 0011
4
04
0000 0100
5
05
0000 0101
6
06
0000 0110
7
07
0000 0111
Continued….
11
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Number Systems
Decimal
Hexadecimal
Binary
8
08
0000 1000
9
09
0000 1001
10
0A
0000 1010
11
0B
0000 1011
12
0C
0000 1100
13
0D
0000 1101
14
0E
0000 1110
15
0F
0000 1111
12
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Number Systems
 Hexadecimal to Binary conversion
◊ (1A)16 = (0001 1010)2
◊ The binary value for 1 is 0001
◊ The binary value for A is 1010
 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
◊ The binary number (0001 1010)2
◊ (0001)2 is 1;
(1010)
2
is A
◊ The hexadecimal value is thus (1A)16
13
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Number Systems
 Hexadecimal to Decimal Number
 The hexadecimal is first converted to binary and the
binary number is then converted into decimal.
◊ For example: Hexadecimal number (2B)16
◊ Step 1 - Hexadecimal number to binary
(2B)16 = (0010 1011)2
◊ Step 2 - Binary number (0010 1011)2 to decimal
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0*27=0
0*26=0
1*25=32
0*24=0
1*23=8
0*22 =0
1*21=2
1*20= 1*1= 1
32+8+2+1=43
 Hexadecimal number (2B) 16 = (0010 1011)2= (43)10
14
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 4 - System Bus
 The system bus is divided into three namely
◊ Address bus
◊ Data Bus
◊ Control Bus
 Address Bus - used to locate the unique locations to
get the data
 Data Bus - used to send data between devices and
memory
 Control Bus – It carries control signal from the processor
to other devices or memory.
15
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processors
 8085 Microprocessor
◊ It is a 40 pin DIP package
IC
◊ It is an 8 bit processor
◊ It is 3.125 MHz
◊ It has16 bit address bus
◊ Operates
on
+5V
DC
power supply
 The pin diagram of 8085
16
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processors
 The signals present in the
microprocessor are,
◊ Address and Data Bus
• The address bus of 8085
microprocessor is 16 bit.
• The low order address
lines AD0 to AD7 are
multiplexed.
• The High order A8 to
A15 are dedicated for
carrying the address.
• Demultiplexed
using
Address Latch Enable
(ALE) signal.
17
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processors
 Control and Status Signals
◊ Control signals - RD and WR
◊ Status signals - IO/M, S0 and S1
◊ Special signal - ALE to demultiplex the address and the data
signals.
• ALE (Address latch Enable) - Generates
beginning of the operation.
every time during the
• RD (Read) - indicates that the selected memory location or the I/O
device has to be read.
• WR (Write) - indicates that data is available on the data bus and
the data has to be written to the memory location or the I/O device
Provided by the address bus.
•
18
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processors
 IO/M
◊ Low signal it indicates a memory operation
◊ High signal indicates an input output operation
 Power Supply and Frequency Signals
◊ Vcc – It is the power supply given to the microprocessor
for its operation.
◊ Vss – It is the ground reference
◊ X1 and X2 are the two ends which are connected to the
crystal
◊ CLK (OUT) – used as a system clock for other devices.
19
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processors
 Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals
◊ Interrupt Request (INTR) signal is generated by the
peripheral devices to catch the attention of the CPU.
 Externally Initiated Signals
◊ RESET (RESET IN and RESET OUT), HOLD, READY.
◊ RESET IN: the microprocessor is reset
◊ RESET OUT: used by the processor to reset the other
peripheral devices
◊ HOLD: generated by the DMA controller requesting the
microprocessor to grant the bus.
20
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processors
 Serial I/O Ports
◊ SID and SOD are two signals used for serial transmission.
◊ SID is used to receive data bit by bit
◊ SOD pin is used to output data bit by bit.
 Flag Registers
◊ Indicates the status of the Arithmetic and Logic operations.
◊ The Flag registers present in 8085 microprocessor
• Sign Flag
• Zero Flag
• Carry Flag
• Auxiliary Carry Flag
• Parity Flag
21
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 6 - Features of 8086 Microprocessor
◊ 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor
◊ The clock speed varies from 4 MHz to 10 MHz
◊ The data bus width is 16 bit
◊ The width of the address bus is 20 bits.
◊ Operates with +5V DC power supply
◊ It is a 40 pin DIPP Package
◊ It has a pipelined architecture
◊ Does not provide a coprocessor support
22
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor
◊ The data bus is 8 bit.
◊ The clock speed supported is 4.77 MHz
◊ It supports the 8087 coprocessor
◊
Supports DMA data transfer
◊ Supports pipelined architecture.
◊ Supports nine flags
◊ Provides large number of I/O ports up to 64K
◊ The 8088 microprocessor operates in two different
modes.
• Minimum Mode
• Maximum Mode
23
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor
◊ The pin MN/MX decides the mode in which the
processor can operate.
◊ Under Minimum Mode, there is no coprocessor support.
24
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor
◊ The MN/MX pin should be low to operate in Maximum
mode.
25
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor
►
Basic
units
Microprocessor
of
8088
 Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
 Execution Unit (EU).
 Functions performed by the
BIU
◊ I/O read and write
◊ Memory read and write
◊ Address generation and
storing
pre-fetched
instructions
 Functions performed by the
EU
◊ Decoding the instructions
fetched
by
the
Bus
Interface Unit
◊ Executing the instructions to
generate the result
26
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor
 Co-Processor 8087
◊ Used
for
performing
arithmetic, trigonometric,
exponential
and
logarithmic instructions.
◊ So it is termed as
Numerical
Data
Processor (NDP).
 Working of
Processor
8087
Co-
◊ The results of floating
point
operations
are
desired to have 18
decimal digit accuracy.
27
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor
 Interface between 8088 and 8087 in a PC
◊ The address/data bus lines of he 8088 microprocessor are
connected directly with the 8087 Co-Processor.
28
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088
 Different
support
present
in
the
motherboard.
chips
8088
◊ 8284 – Clock Generator is
used to generate the clock
◊ 8259-- Interrupt controller.
◊ 8288 is the bus controller.
◊ 8237 is the DMA controller.
◊ 8253 is the programmable
Timer
◊ 8255 is the Programmable
Peripheral Interface
 373 and 245 are address
latches and buffer
29
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088
 Classification of Support Chips
 Dumb Chip
◊ No intelligence and it is not programmable
◊ Does not have separate memory to store the commands and
the controls
◊ Function of the dumb chip is fixed and is according to the input
 Smart Chip
◊ It is programmable and has intelligence.
◊ Separate memory to store the commands and the controls
◊ Troubleshooting of a smart chip is complex
30
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088
 Programmable Interrupt
Controller (PIC) – 8259A
◊ It is used in the XT
motherboard
to
generate an interrupt
signal
◊ PCI is an interface
between the CPU and
the device.
◊ The XT motherboard
supports one interrupt
controller which can
support eight devices
31
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088
 The AT motherboard supports two interrupt controllers
(8259) for supporting 15 interrupts.
32
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088
►
Programmable DMA Controller
8237
 Inn XT motherboard only one
DMA controller is present.
 In AT motherboards, two DMA
controllers are cascaded.
 The DMA controller has four
channels
Memory
Refresh
Channel 0
Not Used
Channel 1
◊
Channel 0 is used for refreshing
RAM
◊
Channel 1 is not used
FDC
Channel 2
◊
Channel 2 is used by Floppy
HDC
Channel 3
Disk Controller for performing
data transfer
◊
Channel 3 is used by Hard Disk
Controller for performing data
transfer
33
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors
 Introduction
◊ The advancement in technology brought many
variations to the Extended Technology XT and the
Advanced Technology was introduced
◊ It is very much essential to identify the different
processors, their features and the sockets or the slots
where they can be connected.
34
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors
 Topics Covered in this Lesson
◊
80286 Processor
◊
80386 Processor and 80486 Processor
◊
Types of Instruction Set
◊
Pentium Processor
◊
Processor Generations
◊
Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors
◊
Pentium II Processors
◊
Pentium Xeon Processors
◊
Celeron Processors
◊
Pentium III Processors
◊
Pentium IV Processor
◊
AMD Processor
◊
Processor Identification
35
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 1 - 80286 Processor
◊ The registers and the ALU is 16 bit.
◊ The width of the address bus is 24 bit.
◊ It operates with +5V DC
◊ It operates in 8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12.5 MHz
◊ It has Non-Multiplexed address/data bus
36
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 1 - 80286 Processor
◊ There are four stage
in executing an
instruction.
◊ The
instruction
execution
in
a
pipeline.
37
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors
 Intel 80386 processor
◊ It
is
a
32
microprocessor.
bit
◊ Two types are 80386
SX and 80386 DX.
◊ They are real mode,
protected mode and
virtual 86 mode.
◊ The 80386 SX has 24
address lines and the
80386 DX has 32
address lines
◊ Supports
pipelining
instruction
38
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors
 Intel 80486 Processor
◊ Two types
◊ 80486 SX and 80486 SL
◊ 80486 DX
• 80486 DX2
• 80486 DX4
◊ It has inbuilt Numeric
Data processor
◊ It has a unified inbuilt
cache memory
39
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 - Types of Instruction Set
 Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
◊ This processors are provided with large number of complex
instructions
 Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
◊ It has less number of transistors and is cheaper.
 Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)
◊ It has combined features of both CISC and RISC.
 Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW)
◊ The VLIW type processors will be able to receive many
instructions per word.
40
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 4 - Pentium Processors
►
Comparison
80486 Microprocessor
Pentium Processor
It has one pipelined 32 bit It has two pipeline stages
processor
namely the U pipeline and
the V pipeline
The parity logic is available The parity logic is present for
only for data bus.
both address bus and the
internal data bus.
The cache write policy Pentium processor
followed is write-through write-back policy
follows
policy
Supports Burst Bus cycle
Pentium
processor
also
supports burst bus cycle
41
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 4 - Pentium Processors
► Features
of Pentium Processor
 Pentium processor supports Superscalar architecture.
 Supports Functional Redundancy Check.
 Supports effective power management feature.
 Supports multiprocessor
42
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 4 - Pentium Processors
►
Cyrix 686 Processor
◊ The pin of the Cyrix
processor
was
Pentium compatible
and could be placed
in SOCKET 7.
►
AMD Processors
►
The
series
processors
of
AMD
◊ K5 processor
◊ K6,
K6-2,
K6-3
processors
◊ K7 Athlon processor.
43
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processor Generations
SOCKET
NAME
TYPE
/ CPU
PINS
VOLTAGE
SOCKET 1:
486 SX & DX
169
5v.
SOCKET 2:
486 SX, DX, & DX2
238
5v.
SOCKET 3:
486 SX, DX, DX2, DX4, 586, 237
Pentium Overdrive
3v. & 5v.
SOCKET 4:
Pentium 60 & 66
5v.
273
44
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processor Generations
PC
CPU
Year
Transistors
5th Generation
Pentium, Cyrix 6X86,
AMD K5, IDT WinChip
C6
1993-95
1996
1996
1997
3,100,000
--3,500,000
6th Generation
Pentium Pro, AMD K6,
Pentium II, AMD K6-2
7th Generation
AMD Original Athlon,
AMD Athlon
Thunderbird Pentium 4
1995
1997
1997
5,500,000
8,800,000
7,500,000
1998
9,300,000
1999
2000
2001
22,000,000
37,000,000
42,000,000
45
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processor Generations
 The table shows the size of cache memory supported by
different processors
CPU
Cache size in the CPU
Celeron
32 KB L1 + 128 KB L2
Pentium
Cumine
III 32 KB L1 + 256 KB L2
AMD K6-3
64 KB L1 + 256 KB L2
AMD K7 Athlon 128 KB L1
AMD Duron
128 KB L1 + 64 KB L2
46
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processor Generations
 Some of the specifications, the significance and example of
processor.
Characteristic Significance
s of CPU
Example
Internal clock Speed
of
data 800 MHz
frequency
processing inside the
CPU.
External clock Speed of data transfer 133 MHz
frequency
to and from the CPU via
the system bus (or Front
Side Bus).
Internal data The number of bits the 32 bits
width
CPU
can
process
simultaneously.
47
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 5 - Processor Generations
 The figure below shows the different generations of
computers and the processors
48
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 6 - Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors
 Pentium MMX
◊ It has on chip multimedia
architecture.
◊ Supports
enhanced
Pipeline feature
◊ Operates with 2.8V
 Intel Pentium PRO
◊ Super
pipelining
Architecture
◊ Integrated L1 Cache
◊ Optimized
performance
for 32 bit code
49
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 7 - Pentium II Processor
◊ It integrated MMX feature in it.
◊ Runs at different speeds of 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 300 MHz,
333 MHz.
◊ Supports 512 KB of L2 cache
◊ Supports 32 KB of L1 cache
◊ Supports 32 bit and 64 bit pipelined floating point unit
50
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 8 - Pentium Xeon Processor
◊ It is a combination of the Pentium Pro and the Pentium II
technology.
◊ It supported 512 KB or 1 MB of Level II cache memory
◊ The Level 2 cache ran at the same frequency as the core
frequency of the processor.
◊ Support multi processor configuration.
◊ Not available in higher clock speeds.
51
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 9 - Celeron Processor
◊ Intel 266 MHz processor
◊ Celeron
processor
operating at 366 MHz with
128 KB L2 cache.
◊ Coppermine
Celeron
processor operating at 950
MHz with 128 KB L2 cache.
◊ Intel Celeron processor with
an integrated heat sink.
52
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 10 - Pentium III Processor
◊ Supports different applications like 3-D, imaging,
streaming video, speech recognition and audio
applications.
◊ support clock speed up to 800 MHz.
◊ suited to Multimedia applications called MMX.
◊ The instruction set of Pentium supports Single Instruction
Multiple Data (SIMD).
◊ The Pentium III processor comes in three different
packages.
• Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2
• Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array
• Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array 2
53
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 11 - Pentium IV Processor
◊ Supports Netburst architecture.
◊ Characteristics of Netburst architecture
• Hyper pipelined Technology
• Rapid Execution Engine
• Execution Trace cache
• 400 MHz System bus
◊ 256 KB L2 cache
◊ The ALU runs at twice the clock speed
◊ Sits in the 423 pin socket
◊ Clock frequencies from 1.5GHz with 20 stage pipeline
54
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 12 - AMD Processors
 AMD64 family consist of
◊ AMD
Opteron
processor
◊ AMD
Athlon
64
processor
◊ AMD Turion 64 mobile
technology
 AMD Opteron
◊ Enables simultaneous
32and
64-bit
computing.
◊ AMD64
Dual-Core
Technology
directly
connects
two
processor cores to a
single die
55
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 12 - AMD Processors
 AMD Athlon
◊ Enhanced Virus Protection when supported by the OS.
◊ Run 32-bit applications at full speed
◊ Enable 64-bit software applications
 AMD Turion
◊ It is used for simultaneous 32- and 64-bit Windows
compatible processors.
◊ AMD PowerNow technology, longer the battery life
◊ Deliver AMD64 performance in thinner and lighter
notebook.
56
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 FC-LGA4 Package
◊ This
is
used
in
Pentium4 processors
that
fit
to
the
LGA775 socket.
◊ The figure below
shows the LGA 775
socket
in
comparison
with
socket 478
57
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 FC-PGA2 Package
◊ It is used in Celeron
Processor with 370 pins
◊ In Pentium Processor with
478 pins.
 Flip Chip –Pin Grid Array
Package (FC-PGA)
◊ It has pins on the
underside of the
chip
and are inserted into
sockets.
◊ Present in Pentium III
processors and Celeron
Processors with 370 pins.
58
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 Organic
Land
Grid
Array (OLGA) Package
◊ In this package the
processor makes use
of the flip chip design.
◊ It is employed in the
Pentium 4 processor
with 423 pins.
 Pin Grid Array (PGA)
package
◊ The pins are arranged
in a manner that chip
sits
in
only
one
direction.
59
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 Short Edge Contact
Cartridge Package
◊ The processor is
connected to the
motherboard with
the help of slot
◊ seen in Pentium II
processors
 S.E.C.C.2 Package
◊ Thermal plate is not
present
in
this
package
◊ Used by Pentium II
Processor
and
Pentium
III
processor
60
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 Single Edge Processor SEP Package
◊ There is no covering in this package
◊ The circuit board is seen clearly from the rear side.
◊ used in early Intel Celeron processor with 242 contact
points.
61
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 Package Types for Mobile
Processors
 Micro-FCPGA
◊ Provided with 478 pins.
◊ uses Zero Insertion Force
techniques which ensures
easy
placement
and
removal of the package.
 Micro-FCBGA
◊ It is provided with ball like
contacts instead of pins.
◊ Used by Pentium III mobile
processors and has 495
balls.
62
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
 Micro PGA2 Package
◊ This package used the
Zero
Insertion
Force
removal and addition of
processors.
◊ The capacitors placed
on the bottom side of
the package
 Mobile Module Cartridge2 (MMC-2 ) Package
◊ This package consists of
the processor and the
host bridge controller on
a
single
electronic
circuit.
63
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 14 – Processor Technologies
 VRM
◊ A CPU is a collection of transistors. These transistors work
at a specific voltage level.
◊ If excessive voltage is supplied to the transistor it will burn
off
◊ Hence the motherboard manufacturers had to take
special care of the CPU voltages.
64
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 14 – Processor Technologies
 Hyperthreading
◊ A processor architecture where simultaneous multithreading is done is called hyper-threading
◊ It is a method of making a single chip operates like two
separate devices
 Throttling
◊ CPU throttling is a feature which protects the CPU from
overheating and thus increases the life-cycle of a CPU.
◊ It is a dynamic way of controlling the processor speed as
a function of the temperature.
65
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Lesson 3 – Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a
processor
 Introduction
◊ CPU is the main component next to the motherboard. It
yields the system, the ability to process information.
◊ It runs at a speed in GHz. i.e. 1 by 1000000000th of a
second.
◊ A single hitch can make it non-functional. It seldom fails.
 Topics covered are
◊ Choosing a CPU
◊ Installing a CPU
◊ Troubleshooting a CPU
66
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 1 – Choosing a CPU
 Choosing a CPU
◊ The CPU that is chosen must be appropriate for the CPU
slot on the Motherboard.
◊ Motherboards can have a ZIF socket or SECC slot.
Choose the right CPU (either slot or socket.
◊ The motherboard has a chipset which controls the
functioning of the system.
◊ The CPUs work on a specific voltage supplied to them. It
gets this voltage from the motherboard.
67
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 2 – Installing a CPU
 Installing a CPU
◊ While installing the CPU, never touch the pins of the CPU.
◊ As general CPU is much easier than a Socket CPU. A slot
type CPU is simply inserted into the CPU slot
◊ when it comes to the Socket CPU, you have to align the
notch on the CPU with the notch on the ZIF socket.
◊ Latest CPU technology uses a 4-pin Auxiliary connector
to supply power to the connector.
68
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Topic 3 – Troubleshooting a CPU
 Troubleshooting a CPU
◊ Troubleshooting a processor is a task which is usually is
done by the manufacturer. Leave alone troubleshooting,
◊ The identification of the problem can be only done by
one method.
◊ The overheating might be due to various reasons like a
bent pin, over-voltage.
◊ As troubleshooting can be done only at the chip-level,
replacing the CPU is the only solution.
69
PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors
Conclusion
◊ Logic gates are the basic fundamental units of electronic
circuits
◊ The 8088 microprocessor has two basic units namely the
Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU).
◊ Intel 80486 is a 32 bit processor.
◊ The Intel Pentium PRO processor was the first in the
Pentium II generation
◊ Troubleshooting a CPU can be done only at the chiplevel, replacing the CPU is the only solution
70