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Chapter 16 – The Respiratory System 16.1 Introduction Primary Function: Exchanging gases- obtaining _____________ and removing ______________________ Other functions: Filter air, produce vocal ________, sense of _________, regulation of blood ________ Respiration: the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells 1. 2. 3. 4. Movement of _______ into the __________ – Ventilation Gas exchange between ___________ and _______ (external respiration) ________ transport in __________ Gas exchange between the blood and body cells (__________ respiration) Cellular Respiration – the process of ______________ use and ________production at the _________________ level 16.2 Organs of the Respiratory System ______________ Respiratory Tract – _________, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, ____________________ _____________ Respiratory Tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, ___________ Nose – bones and cartilage support nose, two openings (__________), _________ filters large particles Nasal _________ – hollow _________ behind the nose Nasal septum – divides the nose (___________) Nasal conchae – _____________ that divide the nasal __________, support the mucus membrane and increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior) * deviated septum – when the septum ____________________________________ Paranasal Sinuses – __________ within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones; reduce the weight of __________and are resonant chambers for ___________. Pharynx – behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx (space, not a _____________) Larynx – ____________________ at the top of the trachea and below pharynx, conducts _________ in and out of trachea, houses __________________ - composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages (thyroid (_______________________) - false vocal folds (do not produce sound) – help close ______________ during _____________________ - true vocal folds (produce sound) – changing ___________ of the pharynx, and oral cavity changes _____________ into ______________ - contracting and relaxing muscles changes _________ (increased ___________ = higher _____________) Glottis – triangular _________ that opens during breathing/talking, and closes during swallowing Epiglottis – _______________ structure that stands upright, allows air to enter larynx, during swallowing it presses _________________and prevents ___________ from entering air passages Laryngitis – when the _____________ membrane becomes _____________ and prevents the vocal cords from ________________ freely Trachea (windpipe) – flexible cylinder, about 12.5 cm long, extends downward in front of the esophagus - contains about 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that prevent trachea from ______________________ Bronchial Tree – branched airways leading from the trachea to the air sacs in the lungs Primary bronchii – left and right bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli Gases are exchanged between alveoli and the blood stream Lungs – soft spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. Left Lung – smaller, ____ lobes | Right Lung – larger than left, _____ lobes 16.3 Breathing Mechanism Inspiration = inhalation | Expiration = exhalation INHALATION 1. The diaphragm moves downward and forces air ____________________ __________________ 2. External muscles contract, raising ribs and sternum and enlarges the cavity even more 3. Pleural membranes held tightly together, move with the contractions of muscles 4. Surface tension in the alveoli (caused by water) makes it difficult to inflate them. Surfactant reduces tendency of alveoli to collapse. (Lack or surfactant in preemies can cause respiratory distress) 5. A deeper breath can be achieved through other muscles – pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid 6. The first breath of a newborn is the hardest because all of the alveoli are only partially inflated and the lack of __________________. *Since our breathing is based on atmospheric ______________ (and the difference in the pressure in the lungs), if there is a hole in the pleural cavity, the lung ______________ (deflates). This can happen if a person is stabbed or a broken ______pierces the lung. NON-RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS - Used to clear air passageways (coughing, sneezing) or express emotion (laughter, crying) – result from reflexes -- A hiccup is a sudden inspiration due to a spasm of the _____________, air striking vocal folds makes the sound ---A yawn may be caused by low ___________________________, a yawn forces a deep breath EXHALATION 1. As diaphragm and other muscles relax, ______________ ____________ from surface tension forces air out RESPIRATORY AIR VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES Spirometry – measures volumes of air moving ______________________ __________________________________. 4 distinct respiratory volumes Respiratory cycle – 1 inspiration + the following expiration Resting Tidal volume – amount of air that enters the lungs during ___________ __________________ Reserve volume – air that can be ___________ in or out Residual Volume – air remaining in the lungs even after forceful exhalation *** Combining two or more of the respiratory volumes = respiratory capacities. Vital __________________ = Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume = (maximum amount of air a person can exhale) _____________ Capacity= Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (max amount that can be inhaled) Functional Residual Capacity – Volume of air that remains in the lungs at ________ Total Lung Capacity =Vital Capacity + Residual Volume (varies by sex, _______, body _____________) LABELING 16.4 Control of Breathing Breathing is an ____________________ act, the muscles are under _________________ control (we can choose to hold our breath) Respiratory Center – groups of ____________ in the brain that control inspiration and expiration (based in the ________________ and the pons) Factors Affecting Breathing *Chemosensitive areas – detect concentrations of chemicals like __________ ________________ and _____________________ 1. Rise in _________ 2. _________ blood oxygen 3. Inflation reflex – regulates the _________of breathing, prevents overinflation of the __________ 4. Emotional upset, fear and __________ *hyperventilation – increase breathing for a short time lowers the blood CO2 concentration and will allow you to hold your breath for a longer period 6.5 Alveolar Gas Exchanges Alveoli – clusters or air sacs at the end of the bronchioles Respiratory Membrane – layers of simple __________________ cells and capillaries Oxygen __________________ into the bloodstream Other solutes (like ______________) can diffuse too and be exhaled breath analysis 16.6 Gas Transport ___________ – a disease in which there is a lack of _________________ content within the body’s tissue and vital _______________.. Can be caused by inadequate bood flow, poisons (cyanide and carbon monoxide), suffocation, strangulation, choking ___________ – a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breath normally (Examples: choking) ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. Cystic Fibrosis (genetic) 2. Asthma 3. Bronchitis 4. Apnea 5. Emphysema 6. Lung Cancer 7. Altitude Sickness 8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 9. Sinusitis 10. Bacterial or Viral Infections (cold, flu, pneumonia