Download Metabolism - metabolismcook

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The Basis of metabolism
Forms of Energy
Laws of Energy Transformation
Structure , Function, and Hydrolysis of ATP
Enzymatic Effects on Reactions
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Metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathways)
Catabolic pathways (breakdown pathways)
Bioenergetics
Energy
Kinetic Energy
Heat Energy
Potential Energy
Chemical Energy
Energy
 Kinetic energy
Heat, or thermal, energy
 Potential energy
 Chemical energy
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Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Entropy- a measure of disorder, or randomness
Second law of thermodynamics
Spontaneous
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Free energy
EquilibriumExergonic reaction
Endergonic reaction
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Chemical workTransport workMechanical work
Energy couplingATP
ATP Cycle
Phosphorylated
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Enzyme
Catalyst
Activation
energy
Transition
state
Substrate
Enzymesubstrate
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complex
Active site
Induced fit
Cofactors
Coenzyme
Competitive
inhibitors
Noncompetit
ive inhibitors
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Allosteric
regulation
Cooperativit
y
Feedback
inhibition
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the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
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We want increase our metabolism to lose more
weight
a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic
pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds
(catabolic pathway)
(biosynthetic pathways) - metabolic pathway that consumes energy
to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
the study of how energy flows through living organisms
(breakdown pathways)- metabolic pathway that releases energy by
breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
the capacity to cause change
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energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects
 Diver gains kinetic energy when he gains velocity
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kinetic energy associated with the random movement
of atoms or molecules
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energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
 As height increases, potential energy increases.
 When diving off a diving board, all of the initial energy is
potential.
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potential energy available for release in a chemical
reaction.
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the study of the energy transformations that
occur in a collection of matter
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(principle of conservation of energy)- energy is
transferred and transformed, but it cannot be
created or destroyed.
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every energy transfer or transformation increases
the entropy of the universe
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a process that can occur without an input of
energy
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the portion of a system’s energy than can perform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a
living cell
∆G=∆H-T∆S
∆G=Gfinal state- Ginitial state
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a state of maximum stability
EXERGONIC
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a spontaneous chemical
reaction, in which there is
a net release of free
energy
ENDERGONIC
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a non-spontaneous
chemical reaction, in
which free energy is
absorbed from the
surroundings
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the use of an exergonic process to drive an
endergonic one
CHEMICAL
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pushing of endergonic
reactions which would
not occur
spontaneously
TRANSPORT
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pumping of substances
across membranes
against the direction of
spontaneous movement
Mechanical
beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of
chromosomes during cellular respiration
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(adenosine triphosphate)- an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate
that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; used
to drive endergonic reactions in cells
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referring to a molecule that is covalently
bound to a phosphate group
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a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/a/ae/GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.
gif
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a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction
Activation
Energy
(free energy of
activation)- the
energy required
to contort the
reactant
molecules so the
bonds can break
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when the reactants are in an unstable condition
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the reactant an enzyme acts on
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– a temporary complex formed when an
enzyme binds to its substrate molecule (s).
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a restricted region of the enzyme molecule that binds to the substrate; I’m
the hugger (active site) and you’re being hugged (substrate)
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induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of
an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate
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any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper
functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or
may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
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an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most
vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic
reactions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYgdGq
k8buQ
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a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active
site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
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a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a
location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that
the active site no longer functions effectively.
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the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects
the function of the protein at a different site.
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a kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a
protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others,
facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.
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a method of metabolic control in which the end
product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of
an enzyme within that pathway.