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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
 Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
 Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Social Structures, Roles, and
Interactions
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
 Status
 Role
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
 People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Write as many sentences as you can filling
in these blanks:
“In the _________, I am a ____________”
 Fill in the blanks with the parts you play at school,
home, work, clubs, sports, church, and in your free
time…
 Ex: “In the School, I am a student”
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“In the store I am a customer”
 Each second blank represents a status, and each status
has a role…
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Key terms
 Social Structure – Network of interrelated statuses
and roles that guides human interactions.
 Status – Socially defined positions in a group in a
society.
 Role – Behavior – the rights and obligations –
expected of someone occupying a particular status.
 Ascribed Status – Status assigned according to
standards that are beyond a person’s control. Age,
sex, family history and race are examples.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Key Terms
(continued)
 Achieved Status – Status acquired by an individual
on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or
ability.
 Ex: athletes, dancers, singers, lawyers, husband
 Right now, what do you consider to be your most
important achieved status? Explain.
 Master Status – Status that plays the greatest role in
shaping a person’s life and determining his or her
social identity. individuals hold many statuses but the
status that plays the greatest role. Can be ascribed or
achieved. In US- achieved (occupation, marital status,
parenthood), can change over time
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Roles
 Component of Social structure that bring statuses to life. People play
many different roles everyday
 Reciprocal Roles- corresponding roles that define the patterns of
interaction between related statuses
 Husband –wife
 Doctor-patient
 Athlete-coach
 Friend- Friend
 Employee-Employer
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Consider this list of reciprocal roles:












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Catcher/pitcher
Mother/baby
teacher/student
Doctor/patient
Artist/model
Taxi driver/passenger
Mugger/victim
Conductor/musician
Boxer/referee
Shopper/clerk
Speedboat driver/water skier
Tennis player/tennis player
 Pick one of these roles out of the box
 Don’t tell classmates what you are
 When I say go, walk slowly around the
room, acting out your roles in pantomime
form only, and look for your reciprocal
roles.
 The 1st pair to find each other wins
 We will proceed for 7 minutes or until
everyone has been matched up
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Roles
 Role Expectations- socially expected behaviors of a
certain person
 Parents/ Children Doctors Police Officers
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Skit
 Write a 1 minute skit that shows the “role
expectations” and reciprocal roles of your pairs
 What is considered socially acceptable?
 What is socially unacceptable?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Key Terms
(continued)
 Role Performance – Actual behavior of a person performing
a role.
 Role Set – different roles attached to a single status.
 Role Conflict- Situation that occurs when fulfilling the
expectation of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the
expectations of another role.
 Ex: Working and caring for a sick child
 Working and not doing homework/sleeping
 Role Strain – Situation that occurs when a person has
difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Status
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Examples of
Roles
Examples of
Conflict / Strain
voluntarily puts self in
danger but has loved ones
who need him or her
fire
fighter
putting out fires, saving
lives, wearing a uniform
mother
providing food and shelter, work fatigue and long shifts
nurturing family,
make household tasks and
disciplining children
interactions difficult
P.T.A.
president
running meetings,
recruiting new members,
planning activities
has trouble getting members
to attend and follow through
on promises
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 List all of the roles you play
Status
Example of
Roles
Example of
conflict/strain
Status
Example of
Roles
Example of
conflict/strain
today…
 What are the role conflicts
students are dealing with?
 List the roles of one of your
parents or adult relatives.
 What are possible role
conflicts from your list?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Teachers too…
 While professionally my
Status
Example of
roles
Example of
conflict/strain
role is a teacher, yet
there are role conflicts
within mine, and other
teachers lives as well….
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Conflict Resolution Part 1-
 Compromise: to find a solution that meets the demands of both of
the conflicting roles
 Avoidance or giving up: to dent or drop one of the roles in conflict
 Compartmentalization: to behave in different ways in different
situations
 Rationalization: to tell yourself that the conflict is not there; to
deny that it exists
 Prioritizing: to decide which of the conflicting roles is more
important and act on that one
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Part 2 Give me an example of a role conflict…
 Give me three ways to resolve it…
 DO PART 2 FOR HOMEWORK!
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Extra Credit:
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Extra Credit 1:
 Roles, like almost everything else in society, change as society changes. In
the United States, some of the most notable role changes have occurred in the
roles of wife and mother…
 Interview an older women (perhaps a grandmother) Ask her about her life
when she was raising her children. Did she ever leave her children with a
babysitter? Did she work outside of the home? How many hours did she
spend working in the home? You may ask her to describe such household
chores as cooking, laundry, ironing, and washing the floor. How have these
roles and expectations of the homemaker changed in the past 30-50 years?
 Next, for purpose of comparison, examine the roles of wife and mother todayperhaps interviewing your own mother. Do they work outside fo the home?
 How many hours a day do they spend on household chores? How has
technology altered their roles? (ex: the dishwasher, disposable diapers, frozen
entrees, no-wax floors, and penicillin) What do they believe is expected of
them as wives and mothers that was not expected of their own mothers? (ex:
more community involvement, continued professional and personal growth)
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 *essentially you are recording 2 interviews…one with
a grandma or grandma type, and the other with a
mother or mother type and comparing and contrasting
the roles of a wife/mother then and now.
 …it would also be interesting to do the same type of
investigation of the roles of husband and father.
These roles too have changed significantly in the past
half-century…
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Extra Credit 2:
 Go see the school musical Working (This
weekend and next weekend)
 Complete a chart similar to what we did in
class with status, examples of roles, and
examples of conflict/strain for 6 of the jobs
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Warm-up:
( 5 minutes)
Complete the bubble map for social
interaction.
Come up with as many ways as you
can think of for how you interact with
people each day…
 **Social Interaction: How people relate to
one another and influence each others behavior
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Turn in Homework (put in your
folder):
 Conflict Resolution worksheet (part 2)
 Extra credit option 1
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
 Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
 Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Comment on the following quote:
“Social interaction takes place at all
times, in all places. Human beings
cannot not interact”
 Even not talking is a form of interaction…the
messages being sent and interpreted are
nonverbal.
 Because of those nonverbal messages, each
individual affects and is affected by the other.
This then is still social interaction
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 Social interaction affect peoples behavior even
when they are alone.
 What they do when they are alone, what they
think, even how they sit, stand, or walk are all
socialized
 *socialized-learned from others in the social
environment
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 Social interaction is a mutual process, meaning
that the behavior of 2 or more persons or
groups affects and is affected by one another.
In our social interactions, messages are often
communicated nonverbally. Yet those
nonverbal messages can and do have
significant influence on human behavior.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Try this next time with a close friend:
 1st- when the friend talks,

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 You should immediately notice
a change in your friend’s
behavior. This is social
have a distracted and
interaction.
disinterested look on your
 When sociologists study social
face. This should go on
life, they study not only the
for a minute or two
behavior of the individual but
2nd- suddenly appear very
also the behavior of those
interested in your friend’s
around the individual.
conversation-smiling,
 We are social animals and
therefore our behavior is only
nodding in agreement,
fully understood in terms of the
and keeping eye contact.
social environment
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
 Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
 Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
 Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
 Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
 Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
 Compromise
 Truce
 Meditation
 Arbitration
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
 Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
 Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The Three Stooges:
 What types of social
interactions do you see?
 How can you tell?
…
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 http://archive.org/details
/ThePDThreeStooges
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Exchange
Conflict
Track Relay Team
encompasses all 5 types of
social interactions
Types of
Social
Interactions
Competition
Cooperation
Accommodation
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Assignment:
 1. Go to your assigned social interaction
 2. While the music is playing put as many
examples as you can think of in the circle map
for that type of social interaction…once the
music stops you stop…
 3. Rotate to the next one…
 4. (repeat step 2)
GO!!!
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Why people interact the way they do?
 Exchange Theory – Theory that holds that people are
motivated by self-interests in their interactions
 Ex:
 Reciprocity – Idea that if you do something for someone, they
owe you something in return.
 Ex:
 Which do you agree with most? Why?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
EXIT TICKET:
 Draw a picture that describes what you learned
in today’s lesson.
 Be prepared to explain your drawing to your
classmates.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Homework:
 Social Interactions:
 I want you to become observers of human social

behavior. For several days, you should watch the
social interactions of people wherever you are- in
school, at home, at work, at the theater, on the bus,
at a restaurant, and so on.
Pay particular attention to who interacts with
whom. Who makes eye contact and who does not?
Who begins conversations? Where do people
position themselves? How does behavior change as
group size increases or decreases?
 Consider your own behavior. How, if at all, does it

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change when an adult is present? Or when a
member of the opposite sex is present? How is it
different when you are with close friends, a teacher,
a coworker, an employer, a coach? How is it
different when you are alone?
Record your observations and in a few days be
ready to share…
 EXTRA CREDIT
(option2)
 Go see the school musical
Working (This weekend
and next weekend)
 Complete a chart similar
to what we did in class
with status, examples of
roles, and examples of
conflict/strain for 6 of the
jobs
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
 Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
 Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
 Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
 Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
 Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
 Roles related to:
 Leadership
 Family
 Work
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Preindustrial
hunting and
gathering; pastoral;
horticultural;
mechanical
solidarity
Industrial
agricultural
Types of
Societies
manufacturing
urban;
technology;
organic solidarity
Postindustrial
information;
provision of services
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Group – Set of two or more people who interact on the
basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree
of common identity.
Preindustrial Society - Type of societies in which food
productions- carried out through the use of human and
animal labor is the main economic activity.
Subsistence Strategies – Ways in which a society uses
technology to provide for the needs of its members.
Hunting and Gathering Societies – Type of society
characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the
hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Pastoral Society – Type of society characterized by a
reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of
subsistence.
Horticultural Society – Type of society characterized by a
reliance on vegetables grown in garden plants as the main
form of subsistence.
Agricultural Society – Type of society characterized by the
use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields.
Industrial Societies – Type of Society in which the
mechanized production of goods is the main economic
activity.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Postindustrial Society – Type of society in which
economic activities centers on the production of
information and provision of services.
Division of Labor – Specialization by individuals or groups
in the performance of specific economic activities.
Barter – Practice of exchanging one good for another.
Urbanization – Concentration of the population in cities.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
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Mechanical Solidarity – Close-knit-social relationships
common in Preindustrial societies that result when a small
group of people share values and perform the same task.
(San, Arapesh)
Organic Solidarity – Impersonal social relationships,
common in Industrial societies that arise with increased job
specialization.
Gemeinschaft – Societies in which most members know
one another, relationships are close, and activities center on
the family and the community.
Gesellschaft – Societies in which social relationships are
based upon need rather than on emotions, relationships are
impersonal and temporary and individual goals are more
important than group goals.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Brainstorming…
 …can be a very effective technique when practiced correctly.
However a few simple rules must be followed:
 1. there is no such thing as a bad idea. Any idea should be
suggested, regardless of how “good” it is. From ideas come more
ideas, so even the worst ideas can generate the best ones.
 2. there is to be absolutely no judging of ideas. Remember that
human behavior is affected by the social environment. If a person
feels his/her ideas will be judged harshly, that person will alter
his/her behavior.
 3. the more ideas the better, so think of as many as possible.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 You work for the Rhodes Toy Company and
they have just created a new robot that does
everything-sings, makes the bed, plays
basketball, and even does homework.
 The company is ready to market this new robot
but must first decide on a name for it…
 BRAINSTORM!!
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Robot Names 2B:
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Robot Names 4B:
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 This exercise was conducted in a
nonjudgmental social environment.
 Did it make a difference that you would not be
judged?
 Discuss:
 “social interaction affects and is affected by
the social environment”
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
 Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
 Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
5 minutes free time!
 Identify any group that may have formed





Gender group
Ethnic group
Eye color
Political affiliation
Neighborhoods
 What other groups could you divide into?
 Sociologist study persons in groups and divide them into these
same groupings as well as many others.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Groups
 Two or more people that interact
 Members have shared expectations and share a
sense of common identity
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 1. Write your name in a
group
group
circle in the middle of the
paper.
 Write in smaller circles all
NAME
group
around the center one the
names of all the groups you
belong to.
 Include family, friendship
groups, clubs, organizations,
and so on…
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 2. Draw a solid line from the
group
group
center circle to the groups
that are small, intimate, and
enduring. (Primary groups)
NAME
group
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 3. Draw a dotted lines from
group
group
the center circle to the
groups that are larger, less
personal, less permanent,
and have a special purpose.
(secondary groups)
NAME
group
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
 Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
 Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
 Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
 Ex: Families are the most common group
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
 Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
 Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
 Casual and limited to personal involvement
 Ex: classroom, political parties
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Extension:
 Do the same exercise but this time placing the
name of a parent or guardian in the center circle.
(on the back)
 Is there a difference between your diagram and
that of your parent or guardian?
 Explain:
 What are some of the reasons why adults join
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groups? Are they similar to your reasons for
joining groups?
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
select leaders
define boundaries
set goals
make decisions
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GROUP
FUNCTIONS
assign tasks
control members’ behavior
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
 Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
 Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
 Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
 Control their members’ behavior – if members
violate groups norms, the group cannot survive long
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Aggregate – Groups of people gathered in the same place at the same time






who lack organization or lasting patterns of interactions.
Ex: Ex: Bus Passengers, Movie Theater attendees
Social Category – Group of people who share a common trait or status
Ex: women, teens, Left handed people
Dyad – Group with two members.
Triad – Three- person group.
Small Group – Group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to
interact on a face to face basis
 Sociologists have found that small groups consisting of 15 or fewer
members works best
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Formal Group – A group in which the structure,
goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined.
 Informal Group – A group in which there is no
official structure or established rules of conduct.
 Primary Group – Small group of people who
interact over a relatively long period of time on a
direct and personal basis.
 Secondary Group – Group in which interaction is
impersonal and temporary in nature.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Reference Group – Any group with whom individuals




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identify and who’s attitudes and values they often adopt.
In-Group – Group that an individual belongs to and identifies
with.
Out-Group – Any group that an individual does not belong to
or identify with.
E-Community – A community of people who interact through
the internet or other electronic communications.
Social Network – Web relationship that is formed by the sum
total of an individual's interactions with other people.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Group Socialization Worksheet:
 This should increase your awareness of the
socializing nature of groups
 Have you ever noticed yourself changing your
speech patterns, or interests after spending
time with a new friend?
 Some say people who spend a lot of time
together begin to talk alike, act alike, and even
look alike. This is the socializing nature of
groups
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 Sociologists use the term boundaries to
describe the features that clearly define
members of a group.
 Ex: boundaries may be in style of dress
(members of a girls chorus wear white blouses,
and black skirts; members of the police force
wear uniforms)
 These boundaries not only serve to identify the
members of the group but also distinguish
them from those who are not in that group
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 Fill in the worksheet as directed.
 Not all groups have names, but they are still
distinct groups.
 Therefore, on one of the lines you might just
write “the kids who always hang around near
the tennis courts after school”
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Group interaction worksheet:
 Part 1:
 Competition- the struggle for a goal that not
all will be able to achieve
 Conflict- defeating the opponent is considered
essential to reaching the goal
 Cooperation- individuals or groups combine
their efforts to reach a common goal
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 Part 2: 2B
 Complete as a class:
 A. Sport being analyzed:_______________
 B. Explain how each form is present in this sport. Use
specific examples.
 C. Which form is dominant?
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 Part 2: 4B
 Complete as a class:
 A. Sport being analyzed:_______________
 B. Explain how each form is present in this sport. Use
specific examples.
 C. Which form is dominant?
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 Part 3:
 On your own…
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Exit ticket:
 In your own words summarize both primary
and secondary groups (give an example of
each)
 Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
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Homework: due_________
 Keep a diary of your groups activities for one
week
 At the end of the week fill out the Personal
Group Experiences worksheet and staple it to
your diary entries.
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I need 6 people to see me after class….
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
 Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
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“In exactly 5 minutes, I want the title of the
best movie ever made written on that line”
______________
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 I have just conducted an exercise to determine
leadership.
 The student who assumed the role of leader
demonstrated that they do indeed, have
qualities of a leader 
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Group Leadership Styles:
 (I need my 6 students from last class)
 Get into 6 groups (6 from last class pick a
group to join)
 Perform your task as if you were actually
asked to do so in your own school (10minutes)
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Times up!
 Discuss your decision-making process,
 Did you feel that your suggestions were taken
seriously?
 Was your leader effective in their role?
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Democratic- works with the group and gives all members equal opportunities to
participate and voice opinions
Autocratic- makes decisions singularly, does not welcome contributions from others
Laissez-faire- makes little or no effort to lead, allows the group to interact with no
influence from the leader
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Section 4: Groups Within Society
 Leaders – People who influence the attitudes
and opinions of others.
 Instrumental Leaders – Leaders who are
task- oriented.
 Expressive Leaders – Leaders who are
emotion- oriented
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SOCIOLOGY
Group member Roles
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1. task manager
- organizes and directs the activities of
the other members
2. maintenance person
- attempts to maintain good morale
among the members
3. harmonizer
- attempts to settle any disagreements
among members
4. gatekeeper
- seeks to hear opinions from all
members, especially those who have
been quiet
5. follower-
goes along with the group, accepts the
ideas of the group
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
 Get in groups (ideally 7 per group)
 Write numbers 1-7 on separate note cards and
place in container
 Draw a number…the number you draw is the
role you have
 Those who draw a number beyond 5 are
followers
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 You will have 12 minutes to complete your
task
 (be ready to describe your task and tell what
decisions were reached
 Tell what role you played
 Discuss the effectiveness of each role.
 Were you comfortable in your role?
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1. Division of Labor
2. Ranking of Authority
Bureaucracy
5. Specific lines of promotion and
advancement
4. Rules and Regulations
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(Characteristics
identified by
Max Weber)
3. Employment based on
Formal qualification
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
 Formal Organization – Large, complex secondary group that




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has been established to achieve specific goals. (Examples:
Schools, businesses, political and religious and youth
organizations, and labor unions)
Bureaucracy – Ranked authority structure that operates
according to specific rules and procedures.
Rationality – The process of subjecting every feature of
human behavior to calculations, measurement, and control.
Voluntary Association – Non profit association formed to
pursue some common interest.
Iron Law of Oligarchy – Tendency of organizations to
become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
 Division of Labor- Work is divided among specialist in
various positions. Each specialist is expected to perform
specific duties.
 Ranking of Authority- There are clear cut lines of
responsibility, and each individual is responsible to a
supervisor at a higher level.
 Employment based on formal qualifications- Specific
qualifications are required for each job. Individuals are hired
based upon tests, education or previous experience. (In a
bureaucracy, the job –not the job holder –is important.
Therefore everybody is replaceable).
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SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
(continued)
 Rules and regulations- There are objective rules, regulations,
and routine procedures that identify the exact responsibilities
and authority of each person on staff.
 Specific lines of promotion and advancement- It is assumed
that employees expect a career with the organization. Thus
there are clear-cut lines of promotion and advancement.
Among the rewards for remaining with the organization are
job security and seniority.
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Head of the Bureaucracy
(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.)
Department Head/VP
Department Head/VP
Subordinate
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Draw an organizational chart of the
school:
 Now make the same chart for another formal
organization.
 This time be sure to also describe that
organization in terms of the characteristics
 (Weber’s Model)
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Bureaucracies worksheet:
 Become more aware of the bureaucracies that
surround you…
 List the bureaucratic organizations that you or
your family have dealt with
 Ex: driver’s license bureaus, employment
offices, banks, corporations, billing
departments…
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Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
 Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
 Provides stability
 Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
 In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
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Exit Ticket:
 What, according to Max Weber’s model, are
the major characteristics of a bureaucracy?
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CHAPTER 4
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role?
2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals?
How can it be resolved?
3. What are the five most common forms of interaction
recognized by sociologists?
4. Identify and describe the three broad categories of
societies used by sociologists.
5. How do the roles of group members differ between
primary and secondary groups?
6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major
characteristics of a bureaucracy?
7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of
bureaucracies?
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CHAPTER 4
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Essay Questions
1. Define bureaucracy, identify the five characteristics of a
bureaucracy, and then explain which of the five characteristics
is most related to “The Peter Principle”.
2. Identify six types of societies and describe the subsistence
strategy of each society.
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 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/cards/chap
ter-4-holt-sociology-social-structure-2215204
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