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Four Commonly Used Screening Tests for Colorectal Cancer 1. Fecal occult blood test A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a test to check stool for blood. Small samples of stool are placed on special cards and returned to the doctor or lab for testing. Blood in the stool may be a sign of polyps or cancer. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) kit to check for blood in stool 2. Sigmoidoscopy Sigmoidoscopy is a procedure to look inside the lower one-third of the colon for abnormalities (inflammation, polyps, cancer, etc). A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the anus and rectum. Tissue samples can be collected for testing. 3. Colonoscopy Colonoscopy is a procedure to look inside the rectum and entire colon for abnormalities. A long, thin, lighted tube is inserted through the anus and rectum and the entire colon is examined. Tissue samples can be collected for testing. 4. Barium enema A barium enema is a series of x-rays of the lower gastrointestinal tract. A liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called a lower GI series. New screening tests are being studied in clinical trials. Virtual colonoscopy Virtual colonoscopy is a procedure that uses a series of x-rays called computed tomography to make a series of pictures of the colon. A computer puts the pictures together to create detailed images that may show polyps and anything else that seems unusual on the inside surface of the colon. Clinical trials are comparing virtual colonoscopy other colorectal cancer screening tests. DNA stool test This test checks DNA in stool cells for genetic changes that may be a sign of colorectal cancer.